affect和effect的区别英文,effect affect infect 的区别

首页 > 教育 > 作者:YD1662023-03-16 09:41:01

英语源自许多不同的语言和方言。因此,英语包含许多容易混淆的单词和短语,即那些与其他单词和短语相似而被非英语母语者甚至英语母语者错误地使用或混淆的词汇。其中,有些单词的拼写与其他单词相似,而有些单词的发音则与其他单词类似。了解这些相似的单词或短语之间的区别并不容易。

但是,不要担心,本文将这些容易混淆的单词或短语捉对比较,给出每个词的定义和用法示例,展示正确的用法。虽然本文并不囊括全部易混英文词汇,但所举示例能够帮助您有效识别这类英文词汇之间的差异模式。

affect和effect的区别英文,effect affect infect 的区别(1)

英语中常见的易混单词

下文按照字母顺序开列英语中最容易混淆的单词。读者可以查看里面是否有自己曾经使用不当的单词。

“Adverse”和“averse”

这两个词都是形容词。“Adverse”意为不利的影响阻碍人的成功或针对目标的进展,而“averse”说的是强烈反对的事情

示例

I just got adverse news to my health goals from my doctor yesterday.

I’m not averse to taking another health test if I have to.

“Affect”和“Effect”

“Affect”是动词,是影响的意思。“Effect”是名词,指某些事件或行动的结果或原因。

示例

Dumping more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere affects the climate situation in a negative way.
What is the exact effect of dumping CO2 into the atmosphere?

“Elicit”和“Illicit”

“Elicit”是动词,表示从某人获得东西,例如金钱、礼物、信息。“Illicit”是形容词,意为非法或被禁止。

示例

The job of a good political campaign manager is to elicit donations from supporters.
The black-market handbag gang made over $10 million in illicit product sales last year.

“farther”和“further”

人们对于这两个词应该如何使用有很多分歧。这两个词经常作为比较性形容词使用,有时也作为副词使用,它们所处的语境能够帮助确定其用法。

所需遵循的最简单规则如下:(1)无论是从字面意义还是比喻意义,只有在提到距离时才使用“farther”;(2)在使用“further”时,只表示“更多”的意思。由于美国人使用“farther”的方式往往与其他英语国家的人使用“further”的方式相同,这使得这两个词的用法更加复杂,即用法取决于英语属于哪种类型(美式英语或英式英语)。

示例

That guy can throw a ball farther than any athlete I have ever seen.

The water well is a bit further down the road, according to my map.

“Implied”和“Inferred”

这两个动词(这里给出的是它们的过去式时态)在学术场合和休闲日常场合经常被混淆。“Implied”(“to imply”)指某人说了或写了什么,并意味着包含某些未明说的东西。“Inferred”(“to infer”)通常指听众或读者将某句话理解为具有某种意义或暗示。这两个容易混淆的单词反映出同一“修辞学硬币”的两个不同的侧面。

示例

When the speaker said that bats are the most spectacular flying creatures, he implied that they are even more spectacular than birds.

I inferred from the speaker’s statement about bats that he thinks they are more interesting than birds.

“Lie”和“Lay”

这两个容易混淆的单词在日常讲话中经常互换使用,特别是在美式英语中。“Lie”是动词,意思是躺在一个表面上,通常是斜倚或仰卧的姿势。“Lay”也是动词,意思是放置,通常指物体、动物或小孩。

示例

Rebecca lies down to take a nap every afternoon at 2 PM. She usually falls asleep within five minutes.
Tim told Mary to lay down the hammer on the table, as she was swinging it a bit too wildly.

“Lose”和“ Loose”

“Lose”是动词,意思是把东西或人放错地方或找不到。有时它也是丧失或与赢相反的意思。“Loose”是形容词,意思是松弛、灵活或不太合身。与许多形容词一样,“loose”也可以有其他含义,取决于上下文的意思。这两个词在书面英语中经常被混淆。

示例

Jim loses his sunglasses every time he goes to the beach.

They always manage to lose the game at the last minute.
This bottle cap is too loose–the soda is spilling out onto my pants!
Her dance moves are much looser than they were last time I saw her at the club.

“Regardless”和“Irregardless”

这两个容易混淆的单词存在一些争议,有人甚至认为其中一个词根本就不应该用。“Regardless”是一个正确的形容词,意思是不论任何接受的或潜在的情况。“Irregardless”在传统上被认为是“regardless”的不正确写法,但在过去几百年中也有使用的例子。“Irregardless”现在已经被大多数英语词典接受为标准和正确的用法。

示例

Regardless of the weather conditions, we are going to play that baseball game tomorrow.

Irregardless of the difficulties I might face, I still have to pay rent at the end of the month.

“Their”、“There”和“They’re”

这三个容易混淆的词在互联网论坛和评论区随处可见。“Their”是复数所有格代词。“There”是副词,意思是“地方”。“They’re”是缩略语,是使用撇号分开的两个词的组合,意思是“they are”。

示例

Their house is the largest one on the block.

There is a haunted house over there at the end of the street.

Who are these people? They’re not living in this house now, are they?

“Who”和“Whom”

这两个相对代词用于指向句子中的两个不同元素。“Who”指的是主语,可以用于疑问句或短语。“Whom”可以用于疑问句或句子中的相同位置,但指的是直接宾语或间接宾语。

示例

Who owns that shiny new sports car?

I don’t know who owns it, but I know who is renting it.

To whom did you give all of our money?

I don’t remember whom I gave the money to.

一个词与两个词的组合词

许多人把看起来是一个词的内容混淆成两个词,或者反过来。这到底是什么意思呢?许多英语单词(复合名词)是由两个独立的单词放在一起组成的。要想了解这些词什么时候需要写成一个词或两个分开的词,需要考虑句子的上下文含义。掌握什么时候应当使用哪种写法,将有助于提高写作质量。

一个组合词和两个分开词的例子包括:anyway vs. any way;Everyday vs. every day; Altogether vs. all together。这些词大多数在读音上听起来几乎完全一样。

Anyway vs. Any way

“Anyway”是副词,意思是“不管”或“总结”,或者可以在休闲谈话中作为位置填充词使用,有点像叹气。“Any way”则是短语,意思是“任何方式或方法”。

示例

Anyway, my overall point is that there are too many regulations in kids’ sports these days.
You can trim your bushes in any way you choose, just as long as it follows the housing association guidelines.

Altogether vs. All together

“Alltogether”是副词,意为“整体”或“把所有的东西都弄在一起”。“All together”是短语,表示多个部分或各方同时在做某事。

示例

Altogether, the cost of replacing the roof will cost at lesat $12,000.

Let’s sing the fourth verse of the Christmas carol. All together now!

Everyday vs. Every day

“Everyday”是形容词,表示“正常”或“常见”的意思。“Every day”则是副词,描述每天或几乎每天都做某事。

示例

The everyday items we buy at the store are largely composed of petroleum-based plastics.

The family spends at least $50 on food supplies every day during their vacations.

许多英语表达方式和惯用语在翻译中被弄丢或掩盖了。

常见的误用短语

除了混淆的单词外,讲英语的人在使用短语和特定的表达方式方面也经常出错,包括惯用语和口语短语。有的人在几十年的生活中认为自己知道某个常用的语言表达方式。但是,有一天他们却会发现其实一直都在完全错误地使用这些语言。

为了避免这类错误,请记住下面这些容易出错的地方,这样你就不会在下次社交聚会时因为说出一些语无伦次的话而出丑了。

错误的说法:By in large正确的说法:By and large

当你想说“总体上”或“考虑到一切”时,一定不能说“by in large”。正确的说法是“by and large”。

示例

By and large, everything in the meeting went according to plan.

错误的说法:For all intensive purposes正确的说法:For all intents and purposes

当人们想说“在几乎所有情况下”或“为了所有实际目的”时,经常会误用这两个短语。正确的说法是“for all intents and purposes”。当大声说时,它们听起来确实很相似。

示例

He said he will call the manager tomorrow, but for all intents and purposes, the deal is dead.

错误的说法:One in the same正确的说法:One and the same

“One in the same”是什么意思呢?它很难说清,因为介词短语“in the same”和抽象名词“one”放在一起时,语义就有些模糊。因此,正确的短语是“one and the same”,暗示两个看起来不同的人或事物实际上或基本上是同一个人或同一个事物。

示例

“Isn’t it obvious,” Sherlock asked Holmes. “The woman wearing the red shawl and the mysterious dinner guest are one and the same–and she committed the murder.”

错误的说法:Tow the line正确的说法:Toe the line

许多这些令人迷惑的表达方式和误用的短语都源自相当古老的语言用法。因此,“tow the line”可能具有合理性,就像拖船可以拉动一条船。然而,另一种更为常见的正确说法则是“toe the line”,它的意思是无论如何都要听从领导或团队的指示。这个说法来自士兵们在操练时站成一条直线并且丝毫不偏离直线的那种形象。

英语常用短语的比较

除了误用和混淆的短语外,还有许多常用短语和表达方式容易混淆。与误用的短语不同,这些短语在很多情况下都是正确的,但其中一个短语比另一个在用法上更受欢迎。

下面进行对比的常用短语体现了英语的灵活性,也说明语境在确定词语意思和用法时的重要性。

More than vs. more then

“More than”用来比较两个或一组事物,而“more then”则只是做一些词序连接,本身并没有任何意义。

示例

It seems like we have more than enough food to go around this time.
What could be more fun than a picnic on a nice summer day?
We go for more and then we go even further.

which number vs. what number

这两个短语根据用法具有相似或相同的意思。“What number”指的是没有上下文联系或其他相关号码的单个号码。“Which number”则通常表示它是一个数列中许多数字中的一个。这两个短语经常互换使用。

示例:

Which number is it? Look and find the correct number to answer the question.
What number should come next? A.(1/3), B. (1/8), or C (1/4)?

what happened to vs. what happened with

在这两个短语中,“to”和“with”具有不同的含义,取决于语境。“What happened to”通常用来指特定的人、群体或地方。“What happened with”通常指一种情况或一个事件。

示例

You saw what happened to Terry, right?
So, what happened to the car last night? I heard a huge crash at 2AM.
Look what happened with Ultron and Wonderman.
I forgot to tell you what happened with Rachel and me at school today.

simpler vs. more simply

“Simpler”是比较级形容词,而“more simply”是比较级副词。“Simpler”用来比较两个或两个以上的事物或动作,而“simply”用来比较两个或两个以上动作的完成方式。

示例

Did you know that there is a simpler way to make cheese?
I need a simpler method for this task.
Could you figure out a way to do this more simply
More simply speaking, tell him he’s not invited.

sounds great vs. sound great

这两个短语的意思相同。“Sound great”通常与复数名词连用。“Sounds great”通常用于一个想法或建议,或与单数名词连用。非英语母语人士应注意遵循主语与动词一致的规则——即单数名词采用单数动词形式,而复数名词采用复数动词形式。这些是非英语母语作者最容易混淆的用词错误。

示例

Community power sounds great, but how do we do this?
This band sounds great! What is their name?
Broadband rebates may sound great, but Labour needs to remember 5G.
These new speakers sound great! Where did you buy them?

I like you vs. I’m like you

“I like you”意味着说话者对听他说话的人具有积极的看法。“I’m like you”表示说话者认为他在某些方面与听他说话的人相似。这些容易混淆的短语具有非常不同的意思,所以在使用“I”和“I’m”时要非常小心。

示例

Didn’t the president always say “I like you” to his supporters?
Why would you hurt me when I’m just like you
I’m like you in my preference for colder weather.

every day vs. on a daily basis

这两个短语在大多数情况下意思相同。“On a daily basis”通常指计划好的事情,是一个制度化事情的一部分。“Every day”在日常用语中更为常用。需要注意不要将副词“every day”与形容词“everyday”弄混。

示例

I eat cereal for breakfast every day.
“Daily” pretty much means the same thing every time: occurring every day.
I eat apples on a daily basis.
How do we engage with tracking on a daily basis and what happens to our data?

纠正单词和短语中的错误

本文给出的容易混淆的单词和短语仅触及人们在写作中容易犯的所有选词错误的一些典型例子。因此,您可能希望知道如何在别人发现这些错误之前自己能够纠正这些错误。

我们建议您学习相关的英语规则,以提高写作质量——您可以查看我们的英语编辑指南,了解如何修改英文。我们还提供语法自动检查工具和专业编辑校对(润色)服务,它们能够提供更深入的校对和编辑,无论是语法问题还是标点符号问题,以及自然表达风格中的语言错误。

我们希望关于这些容易混淆的单词和短语的阐述能够帮助您澄清英文语言问题,使您能够更加自然和有效地使用英语写作。

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