定子（静止部分）
- 定子铁心：电机磁路的一部分，并在其上放置定子绕组；
- 定子绕组：是电动机的电路部分，通入三相交流电，产生旋转磁场；
- 机座：固定定子铁心与前后端盖以支撑转子，并起防护、散热等作用；
- Stator core: part of the magnetic circuit of the motor and place the stator winding on it;
- Stator winding: it is the circuit part of the motor, which is connected to three-phase alternating current and generates a rotating magnetic field;
- Frame: fix the stator core and the front and rear cover to support the rotor, and play a role in protection, heat dissipation, etc.;
转子（旋转部分）
- 转子铁心：作为电机磁路的一部分以及在铁心槽内放置转子绕组；
- 转子绕组：切割定子旋转磁场产生感应电动势及电流，并形成电磁转矩而使电动机旋转；
- Rotor core: as part of the magnetic circuit of the motor and place the rotor winding in the core slot;
- Rotor winding: cutting the stator rotating magnetic field to generate induced electromotive force and current, and forming an electromagnetic torque to make the motor rotate;
1、直流电动机
直流电机是将直流电能转换成机械能(直流电动机)或将机械能转换成直流电能(直流发电机)的旋转电机。它是能实现直流电能和机械能互相转换的电机。当它作电动机运行时是直流电动机，将电能转换为机械能；作发电机运行时是直流发电机，将机械能转换为电能。
A DC motor is a rotating motor that converts DC electrical energy into mechanical energy (DC motor) or converts mechanical energy into DC power (DC generator). It is a motor that can convert DC power and mechanical energy to each other. When it is used as a motor, it is a DC motor, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy; when it is a generator, it is a DC generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
▲ 直流电机的物理模型图
上图的直流电机的物理模型图，固定部分有磁铁，这里称作主磁极；固定部分还有电刷。转动部分有环形铁心和绕在环形铁心上的绕组。(其中2个小圆圈是为了方便表示该位置上的导体电势或电流的方向而设置的)
The physical model of the DC motor in the figure above has a magnet in the fixed part, which is called the main magnetic pole here; the fixed part also has an electric brush. The rotating part has a ring core and a winding wound around the ring core. (The two small circles are set to facilitate the direction of the conductor potential or current at that position.)
