1. drill/ exercise/ practice
Ⅰ. drill “练习” 指有组织,有指导地反复进行的练习。尤指在课堂上或军队里进行的教练。如:
Question-and –answer drills are important when yu are learning a foreign language.
Ⅱ. exercise 指为发展智力或锻炼身体而进行的练习。如:
① He is doing an exercise in English grammar.
② We do morning exercises every day.
Ⅲ. practice 是不可数名词,指为了达到熟练或完善的程度 而反复进行的练习。尤指在艺术、手艺或技巧方面。如:
Piano playing needs a lot of practice.弹钢琴需要多练。
2. drop/ fall
Ⅰ. drop 可用作不及物动词或及物动词,意为“下降,丢下,放下”。fall 只用作不及物动词,意为“落下,下降”。 如:
① The boy fell off the tree. 这男孩从树上掉了下来。
② The temperature is dropping. 温度在下降。
③ Can you drop me? 你能让我中途下车吗?
④ I dropped the box on my foot. 我失手让盒子砸了我的脚。
⑤ I’ll drop off at the next stop. 我要在下一站下车。
3. maybe / perhaps / probably
Ⅰ. maybe, perhaps. & probably,都是副词,有“或许、可能”之意。用法略有不同。
Ⅱ. maybe 和 perhabs 意思基本相同。如:
① Maybe / perhaps the weather will get better.可能天气会变得好一些。
② Maybe / perhaps you put it in your basket. 或许你把它放在蓝子里了。
Ⅲ. Probably “很可能”比maybe. perhaps 的可能性都大。如:
They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting.他们很可能会拒绝在会上发言。
Ⅳ. maybe 可用于句首或句尾。perhaps 可用于句首或句中; probably 一般用于句中,不用于句首。如:
① Maybe they will come.他们可能来(也可能不来)。
② They will perhaps come. 他们可能来(也可能不来)。
③ They will probably come. 他们很有可能来。
4. during/ in/ for
Ⅰ.during 和in 二者都表示某事的发生贯穿于某段时间中,或发生在某段时间 中的某一点上或几点时间上。 在多数情况下,当我们不强调对比或某一段时间时,in 和during都可以用,意思上并没有什么区别。当我们要表达某事具体发生的时间时, 多用in.当我们指一项活动而不是一段时间时,只能用during, 另外during 还用来强调某动作持续了一段时间。如:
① I woke up three times in / during the night. 夜里我醒了三次。
② He had some amazing experience in / during his childhood. 他童年时有一些惊人的经历。
③ We usually go on holiday in July. (不能用during) 我们通常七月份度假。
Ⅱ.during 和for. 两者都是表示一段时间的介词。
1. during 意为:“在……(时间)内”的行为或状态,与一段时间的整体连用。如:during the spring, during last year, during 1980等也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用,如:during my childhood, during our stay, during his visit等,一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。如:
① During the winter we play fotball. 冬季我们踢足球。
② Many comrades went to see him during his illness. 在他生病期间许多同志去看望了他。
2. for引导一段时间,强调时间由始至终,可译为“(时间)长达……”一般与有长度的时间短语连用,如for three weeks. For a long time等,可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时句子等。 如:
① He studied English for three years. 他学了三年英语。
② The French teacher has been in China for about a month.
5. each/ every “每个”
Ⅰ. each 和every 常可通用,后跟单数名词。但也有一些区别:1)着重强调个体,而every 着重强调整体。如:
① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生各有一本字典。
② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生都有一本字典。(every student = all the students)
Ⅱ. each 用于指两个或两 个以上的人或事物, 而every 则用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 如:
① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一侧都有一些广告。(each side – both sides.这个句子中的each 不能用every 代替。)
② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you.每次见到你,你都看起来更漂亮。
Ⅲ. each 可用作代词,后跟“of 复数名词 / 代词”。动词仍然用单数,every 则不能这样用,因every是形容词。如:
① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每个学生各有一本新书。
② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They like light music each.) 他们人人都喜欢轻音乐。
6. earth/ ground/floor/field/ land/ soil
Ⅰ.earth “地;地球;泥土”。它着重批“大地”,以别于“天空”;也可以指区别于坚硬岩石的泥土。如:
① The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。
② Snakes creep on the earth.蛇在地上爬行。
Ⅱ.ground. “地;地面”主要指大地表面。不论是呢地,沙地或水泥地,均可用这个词表示;也可用来指运动场地。如:
① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.树林的地面上落满了树叶。
② There is a football ground in our school.我们学校有个足球场。
Ⅲ.foor.用于指建筑物内的“地板”,其前面通常加the;此外,还可以表示楼房的“层”。如:
① The cat is on the floor. 猫在地板上。
② the first floor(美:)一楼 / (英:)二楼。
Ⅲ.field. 表“田;地”常用于指种植农作物的“农田、土地”有时也可指研究、活动的“范围;流域”如:
① They are working in the fields.他们正在田里劳动。
② What’s your field of study? 你的研究领域是什么?
Ⅳ.land. “陆地”与河流和海洋相对;也可指“土地”,可耕种的田地就叫做land;它还可以表示“国土;国家”如:
① We travelled by land until we reached the sea.我们从陆路去一直旅行到大海。
② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up.这个地方的荒地全被开垦了。
Ⅴ.soil“土地;土壤”尤指生长植物的土地。如:
① The soil is very thin in the forest. 森林里土层非常薄。
② The peasants are preparing the soil for seed.农民们正在平整土地。
7. elder/ older
Ⅰ.elder的意思是年长的,指家庭里两个成员中年龄较长的,或者指明的两个人中年龄较长的。例如:
① He is my elder brother. 他是我的哥哥。
② My elder sister works at a factory. 我姐姐在工厂里工作。
③ Which is the elder of the two? 这两个人中哪一个年龄较大?
[注] elder用作形容词时,通常放在名词前面作定语。它也可以用作名词,其复数形式表示长者、长辈的意思,例如:
We respect our elders. 我们尊重长辈。
Ⅱ.older是形容词old 的比较级形式,指年龄较大、较老,也指较旧。例如:
① Comrade Zhang is two years older than Comrade Wang. 张同志比王同志大两岁。
② This tree is older than that one. 这棵树比那棵树。
8. else/ other“别的、其它的”
Ⅰ. else adj.& adv 作形容词时,主要用在 who, whose , what , 等疑问代词,或,nobody, nothing, somebody, something, anybody, anything, 等不定代词之后作宾语;作副词用时,用在where,when等词后作状语。如:
① He said what else you would like? 他问你还想要什么?
② Where else are you going to stay? 你们还要在别的什么地停留?
Ⅱ. else 可带’s。读作:[′elsiz] . 如:
I took someone else’s book by mistake. 我错拿了别人的书
Ⅲ. other 是形容词,有来修饰名词时,须放在名词之前。如:
Where are the other boys? 其它的男孩在哪里?
Ⅳ. 还可以修饰代词one, 或ones. 如:
This story is more interesting than the other one.这个故事比那个故事更有趣。
9. end/ finish/ stop
Ⅰ. ▲ end 指动作过程终止。
▲ finish指动作已完成,再没有动作做。
▲ stop 侧重动作的停止,即由“动”到“不动”。如:
① Everything ended. 一切都结束了。
② Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗?
③ He stoppedreading to have a rest.他停止阅读,休息了一会儿。
10. enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer
这四个词都有喜欢之意,但用法不同。
Ⅰ.like意为“喜欢、爱好”,语气较弱,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式、动名词等作宾语。like也跟复合宾语,宾语补足语常用动词不定式,即like sb. to do sth. “喜欢某人做某事”。如:
① In England many people like fish and chips. 在英国,许多人喜欢鱼和油煎土豆条。
② He likes playing volleyball. 他爱打排球。
③ I don’t like to eat pears now. 现在我不想吃梨。
Ⅱ.love意为“爱,爱好”,在感情上比like强烈,经常用于爱祖国、爱父母这一类程度比较深的情况,在口语中它往往仅指一般的喜爱,这样用时和like的意思相近,可以互换,后面可以跟名词、动名词或动词不定式。如:
④ We love our Party. 我们热爱我们的党。
⑤ I love to skate. 我喜欢滑冰。(可用like替换)
⑥ They love playing table tennis. 他们爱打乒乓球。(可用like替换)
Ⅲ.enjoy意为“喜欢、欣赏”之意;有“乐于;享受。。。。。。之乐趣”的意思,其后跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是“玩得愉快”之意,相当于have a good time,如:
① Many old people enjoy living in a village. 许多老年人喜欢在乡村居住。
② Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday? 昨天你在公园玩得痛快吗?
Ⅳ.prefer为“更喜欢、宁愿”之意。常用于两者之间的选择,其后可跟名词、代词、动名词和不定式,也可跟宾语从句,但宾语从句要用虚拟语气。prefer还可以与介词to连用,表示“喜欢。。。。。。。,而不喜欢。。。。。。”。其中to为介词,后跟名词或动名词。Prefer to do…rather then do…意为“喜欢。。。。。。,不喜欢。。。。。。”。如:
① Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜欢语文,而我更喜欢英语。
② Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜欢步行而不愿骑车。
③ Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比较喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡?
④ He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜欢给她写信,不愿给她打电话。
▲ 总结:rather than“宁可;是。。。。。。而不是。。。。。。”,连接各种并列成份,在语气上肯定前面否定后面。也可写成would…rather than;rather than…would…,相当于instead of,如:
① He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。
② They lost fame rather than wealth. 他们失去的不是财富,而是名誉。
③ He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他宁死不屈。
④ These shose are comfortable rather than pretty. 这双鞋不好看但穿起来很舒服。
⑤ She would rather be poor than do that. 她宁愿受穷也不愿那样做。
11. enter/ enter into
Ⅰ.enter. “进入”表进入一个具体处所,如房间、场所等,后面无需加介词; 也可表“进入”某个时期或阶段;当表示加入某个组织而成为其成员时, enter相当于join.如:
① She entered the house.她走进那间屋子。(不用into)
② China is entering a new stage of development.中国正在进入一个新的发展阶段。
Ⅱ.enter into. “进入、参加、开始从事”,后加抽象名词,主要表示“进入”某种状态。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意义。
Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我们的计划中没有预料到的。