高考总复习：过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时的用法及区别
知识讲解
过去进行时用法
1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.
2. 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。
John was always coming to school late.
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.
3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。
I was taking a walk when I met him.
We were playing outside when it began to rain.
5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。
I was leaving for Washington that day.
She was coming later.
6. 用过去进行时表示现在，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
We were hoping you would stay with us.
7. 动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。比较：
He was friendly. (指过去长期如此)
He was being friendly. (指当时一时的表现)
过去完成时用法
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。用时间轴表示为：——过去的过去——过去（参照物）——现在
注意：如果没有参照点，“一分钟之前”是“过去”，“前年”是“过去”，“十亿年之前”也是“过去”。但如果确定了一个参照点，时态就不同了。如果以“last weekend”为参照物，那么在last week 之前就是过去完成时了。如果“去见朋友”是过去时，那么在“（见朋友前）dress up”该用过去完成时。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
She found the key that she had lost.
He said that he had known her well.
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.
2. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
3. 过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
注意：历史事实通常用一般过去时表示：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
注意：
当两个或多个过去发生的动作紧挨着并列出现时，尽管各动作之间有先后关系，仍然用一般过去式。
He put down the luggage and returned to the car.
由after, before, as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句，已经清楚地表明了动作的先后关系，也可以用一般过去时表示先后发生的动作。
过去将来时用法
1. 过去时将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.
At that time I knew we should succeed.
She hoped that they would meet again someday.
They said it would be fine.
I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.
2. 表示过去的某种习惯行为。
She would lose the key!
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
3. 过去将来时除了用“should, would 动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。
was/were going to表示过去的打算和意图：
He was going to start work the following week. （打算）
He said he was going to visit China the next week.
表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained. (没有实现)
I thought the film was going to be interesting. （结果不是如此）
“was/were to 动词原形”通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m. （计划安排）
These first words were to change my world. (注定要发生的事情)
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life. ( 注定要发生的事情)
She said she was to take up the position. (表示打算)
She said she was to have taken up the position. ( 计划但未能实现)
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.
We were about to go there when it began to rain.
表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
I didn't know you were coming.
He hurried into the carriage. The train was leaving in a few minutes.
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
“时间名词 before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
She left her case on the train.
She found she had left her case on the train.
He wrote a lot of poems.
He showed me the poems he had written.
在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had) left the room, the boss came in. （“离开”的动作在“进来”之前，在“过去的过去”，用过去完成时正确；同时，句中已经有了before来明确两个动作的先后关系，用一般过去时也可以。）
We arrived home before it snowed.
时态考查方式
一、利用干扰时态考查一般现在时或一般过去时
当命题者想针对一般现在时或一般过去时这样的简单时态设题时，他们通常都会同时设置一个其他的干扰时态，以扰乱学生思维。此时千万不要受干扰时态的影响而步入命题人的陷阱。
This machine _________. It hasn’t worked for years. (浙江卷)
A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working
答案选C。此处讲的是机器目前的状况，故用一般现在时。此题所利用的干扰时态是其后的现在完成时。
二、利用时态标志考查现在完成时态的用法
在高中阶段，很多情况都不能仅凭某种相应的“时态标志”去判断时态，比如“for 时间段”可能用于过去时。但是在这些时态标志中，与现在完成时搭配的标志性词语最明显，在高中阶段我们学习了不少关于现在完成时的“标志性时间状语”，比如so far, up to now等等。另外，针对完成时的“完成”或“影响”含义，命题者也常常对此设题。
Although medical science _________ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. (江苏卷)
A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved
答案选B。此题的语境背景是：尽管医学已经成功地控制了好几种危险的疾病，但它们还可能会卷土重来。
三、在“过去的过去”背景下考查过去完成时态的用法
大家知道，过去完成时是一种相对时态，它表示的是一个相对某一时间更早的动作，也就是我们通常说的“过去的过去”。综观近几年的各省市高考英语时态考题，过去完成时一直是一个十分重要的考点，且其中的绝大部分考题都是在“过去的过去”这一背景下设置出来的。应对此类考题的关键有两点：一是正确理解好“过去的过去”这五个字，二是找准作为过去完成时参照点的“过去”时间。
“时态”解题“四步走”：
1.找准时间状语，看是否有明确提示时态的时间状语；
2. 找好参照时态, 注意宾语从句中主从句的时态要保持一致；
I know he will help you.
I knew he would help you.
3. 遇到情景性题干，自己问自己：事情发生在现在还是过去，还是将来？
4. 有时题干采取了省略形式，根据语境补全时间状语。
真题再现
1.（2015 安徽高考）Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ______ my book in the cafe.
A. have left B. had left C. would leave D. was leaving
2.（2015 浙江高考）Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he ______ a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was
3.（2015 湖南高考）He must have sensed that I ________ him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, "Why are you staring at me like that?"
A. would look at B. looked at C. was looking at D. am looking at
4.（2015 北京高考）—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?
—Not really. She ______ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
A. was to give B. had given C. was giving D. would give
5.（2015 陕西高考）At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he ______ the first black president of the United States of America.
A. was to become B. becomes C. is to become D. became
6. We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ______ into the office during the night.
A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was breaking
7. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the children ______ everything!
A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating
8. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _____ there.
A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain
答案与解析：
1. B，我意识到把书落在咖啡店里了，落书的动作发生在意识到之前，所以应该使用过去完成时态。
2. C。句意：爱因斯坦出生于1879年，小的时候很少人猜到他将会成为一个伟大的科学家，他的理论将会改变全世界。根据句意，应该是表达过去将来时，所以只有C选项符合。该选项是使用过去进行时表将来。
3.C。句意：他一定是注意到我在看着他。他突然看向我然后轻声问道：“你为什么要那样盯着我看？”根据分析，此句在意义上应该用进行时，又根据此句中的must have sensed和glanced at可知是过去进行时。
4. B。句意：—你觉得找到安娜家的位置困难么？—不会。她告诉我们很清晰的方向，并且我们很容易就找到了。本题考查时态。根据题干可知，安娜告诉他们方向发生在他们找到她家之前，因此，发生在过去动作之前的动作要采用过去完成时。
5. A。句意：在大学的时候，奥巴马不知道他将成为美国第一个黑人总统。用过去将来时表示过去某个时间将要发生的事情，所以选A。
6. A。从句中的“in the morning”和“during the night”可以知道break into这个动作发生在found动作之前，表示“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。
7. B。“孩子们吃光东西”是在“She was surprised to find”之前，选用过去完成时。
8. A。由题意可知，“她躺在那儿”发生在came to和did not know之前，并且表示动作的延续，用过去完成进行时。
