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英语词法 之 副词的特殊用法
一、两种形式的副词用法
有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词同形，一种是形容词加后缀-ly构成，这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同，有时则意义完全不同。
1．有些与形容词同形的副词表示具体概念，而加ly的副词则往往表示抽象的概念。
high 高地 highly高度地
wide 宽地 widely 广泛地
deep 深地 deeply 深深地
close 近地 closely 仔细地，严密地
e.g.He can jump really high.
He was highly praised for it.
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
They dug deep in the ground in the hope of finding gold.
I was deeply moved by his story.
She stood close against the wall.
They are closely connected.
2．两种形式的副词含义截然不同：
late 迟、晚 lately 最近
hard 努力地，艰苦地 hardly 几乎不
just 刚才，仅仅，恰好 justly 公正地、正当地
most 很，最 mostly 多半地、主要地
e.g.He got home very late.
I have lately received two letters from him.
He worked hard every day.
He spoke so fast that I could hardly follow him.
We have just had supper.
He was justly punished for his crimes.
You're a most unusual person.
My classmates are mostly older than I .
3．词形不同但含义接近
①easy / easily 容易地，不费力地
作为副词，easy常用于一些习语中，其他情况用easily。
e.g.take it easy 别着急
easy come, easy go 来得容易，去得快
②wrong / wrongly 错误地 right / rightly 正确地
用在动词后时wrong / right可替代wrongly / rightly，但在其他位置时须用wrongly / rightly.
e.g.I wrongly believed that he would help me. 我误以为他会帮我
You guessed wrong(ly) /rightly. 你猜得不对、正确
③tight / tightly 紧紧地，满满地
在过去分词前多用tightly。
e.g.He held my hand tight(ly)
The bags were tightly packed.
④fair / fairly 公正地
表示“公正地”之意时，一般用副词fairly，但在下面词组中要用fair：
play fair 公正地比赛 fight fair 以正当的方式对方对手
二、程度副词fairly, quite, rather等用法比较
在上述几个程度副词中，fairly程度最低，quite稍强，而rather程度则又强一些。在非正式文体中，还可以把pretty用作程度副词，程度上相当于rather。程度副词从“无”到“最”的程度情况如下：
①not → fairly →quite →rather / pretty → very
e.g.It's a fairly good book. （指这本书勉强可看）
It's a quite good book. （暗含这本书值得一看，虽然算不上最好的）
It's a rather good book. （含有这本书出乎意料地好）
②rather 可以和too连用，也可以修饰比较级，其他程度副词通常无此用法。
e.g. This book is rather too easy.
It's rather colder today than yesterday.
③quite可修饰没有程度差别的词，相当于completely或absolutely，表示“完全地，绝对地”。
e.g. His English is quite perfect.
I'm not quite ready.
④quite 后面跟名词时，一般置于冠词之前。
rather后面跟名词时，也一般置于冠词之前，但如果有形容词，也可放于a/ an 之后。
e.g.There's quite a good film on at the cinema.
That's rather a good film (=That's a rather good film)
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