本文节选自《自然》(nature / world view / article/ 14 March 2022)Open science, done wrong, will compound inequities——错误的开放科学将加剧不平等。
文章内容节选如下:
Open science, done wrong, will compound inequities
错误的开放科学将加剧不平等
Research-reform advocates must beware unintended consequences.
研究改革的倡导者必须提防意想不到的后果。
Ten years ago, as a new PhD graduate looking for my next position, I found myself in the academic cold.
十年前,作为一名正在寻找下一份工作的博士研究生,我发现自己陷入了学术冷场。
Nothing says “you are an outsider” more than a paywall asking US$38 for one article.
没有什么比收费墙更能说明“你是个局外人”了,一篇文章要价38美元。
That fuelled my advocacy of open science and, ultimately, drove me to research its implementation.
这推动了我对开放科学的倡导,并最终促使我研究开放科学的实施。
Now, open science is mainstream, increasingly embedded in policies and expected in practice.
如今,开放科学已成为主流,越来越多地融入政策和实践中。
But the ways in which it is being implemented can have unintended consequences, and these must not be ignored.
但是,它的实施方式可能会产生意想不到的后果,这些后果不容忽视。
Since 2019, I’ve led ON-MERRIT, a project funded by the European Commission that uses a mixture of computational and qualitative methods to investigate how open science affects the research system.
自2019年以来,我一直领导ON-MERRIT项目,这是一个由欧盟委员会资助的项目,它使用计算和定性的混合方法来调查开放科学如何影响研究体系。
Many in the movement declare equity as a goal, but reality is not always on track for that.
在这场运动中,许多人宣称公平是一个目标,但现实并不总是朝着这个方向发展。
Indeed, I fear that without more critical thought, open science could become just the extension of privilege.
事实上,我担心如果没有更多的批判性思考,开放科学可能会成为特权的延伸。
Our recommendations for what to consider are out this week.
我们对应该考虑什么的建议将于本周公布。
重点词汇
advocates拥护;支持;提倡;主张;为…辩护;鼓吹;(advocate的第三人称单数);提倡者;支持者;拥护者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;(advocate的复数)
beware当心;谨慎
unintended非计划中的;非故意的
outsider外人;圈外人;不大可能成功的竞争者;不被社会所接受的人;不愿融入社会的人
paywall付费门槛;收费墙
fuelled为...提供燃料;用燃料为...提供能量;激起;(fuel的过去式和过去分词);(以…)作为燃料的
drove DRIVE的过去式;畜群;一批相似的东西;人群;把(牛等牲畜)赶到市场上去
ignored忽视;不顾;不理会;(ignore的过去式和过去分词);被忽视的;被忽略的
computational使用计算机的;计算机的;计算的
qualitative质的;性质的;质量的;描述性质的
Open science is a vague mix of ideals.
开放科学是各种理想的模糊组合。
Overall, advocates aim to increase transparency, accountability, equity and collaboration in knowledge production by increasing access to research results, articles, methods and tools.
总体而言,倡导者的目标是通过增加对研究成果、文章、方法和工具的获取,提高知识生产的透明度、问责制、公平性和协作性。
This means that data and protocols should be freely shared in high-quality repositories and research articles should be available without subscriptions or reading fees.
这意味着数据和协议应该在高质量的存储库中自由共享,研究文章应该无需订阅或阅读费用即可获得。
Making all that happen is expensive.
实现这一切代价高昂。
Wealthy institutions and regions can afford this better than can poorer ones.
富裕的机构和地区比贫穷的机构和地区更能负担得起。
At my university, in a high-income nation, I know I am privileged.
在我的大学,在一个高收入国家,我知道我是有特权的。
In a collaboration to introduce open science at Ukrainian universities (including those displaced by conflict post-2014), I’ve been privy to difficult conversations about how to pay publication fees that are three times a professor’s monthly salary, and how to meet data-sharing requirements to be eligible for funding when institutional support is lacking. And privilege comes in many forms. For instance, the fact that career-advancement criteria don’t reward open practices puts early-career adherents at a disadvantage.
在与乌克兰大学(包括那些在2014年后因冲突而流离失所的大学)合作引入开放科学的过程中,我参与了一些艰难的对话,比如如何支付三倍于教授月薪的出版费,以及如何在缺乏机构支持的情况下满足数据共享要求以获得资助。特权有多种形式。例如,职业发展标准不鼓励公开实践的事实让早期职业追随者处于不利地位。
Failing to address structural inequalities directly means that the advantages of those who are already privileged will grow, especially given that they have the most influence over how open science is implemented.
如果不能直接解决结构性不平等问题,意味着那些已经享有特权的人的优势将会增加,特别是考虑到他们对开放科学的实施方式有着最大的影响力。
重点词汇
vague不明确的;不清楚的;模糊的;含糊的
ideals理想;典范;目标;(ideal的复数)
repositories仓库;贮藏室;(repository的复数)
subscriptions捐款;(subscription的复数)
wealthy有钱的;富有的;丰富的;大量的
poorer贫穷的;贫乏的;可怜的;低劣的;(poor的比较级)
high-income高收入的;收入较高的;较高收入
privileged有特权的;优惠的;特免的;荣幸的;幸运的;得到特许保密的
privy to秘密参与;了解
conversations会话;交谈;(conversation的复数)
A particularly pressing issue is open access (OA) publication fees, in which the benefit of free readership is being offset by new barriers to authorship.
一个特别紧迫的问题是开放获取(OA)出版费,在这方面,免费读者的好处被作者身份的新障碍所抵消。
To support OA publishing, journals commonly charge authors, and charges are rising as the practice expands.
为了支持OA出版,期刊通常会向作者收费,而且随着这种做法的扩大,收费也在上升。
My group and others have found that article-processing charges are creating a two-tier system, in which richer research teams publish more OA articles in the most prestigious journals.
我的团队和其他人发现,文章处理费用正在创造一个双层体系,在这个体系中,更富有的研究团队在最知名的期刊上发表更多的OA文章。
One analysis of 37,000 articles in hybrid ‘parent’ journals and their fully OA ‘mirrors’ (with the same editorial board and acceptance standards) found that the geographic diversity of authors was much greater for non-OA articles than for OA articles.
一项对混合“母”期刊及其完全开放存取“镜像”(具有相同的编辑委员会和接受标准)中37,000篇文章的分析发现,非开放存取文章的作者的地理多样性比开放存取文章大得多。
Another analysis found that authors of OA articles were more likely to be male, senior, federally funded and working at prestigious universities.
另一项分析发现,开放存取文章的作者更可能是男性、资深、受联邦政府资助并在名牌大学工作的人。
Worse still, citation advantages linked to OA mean that the academically rich will get even richer.
更糟糕的是,与开放存取相关的引用优势意味着学术富人将变得更加富有。
重点词汇
open access公开机会;开架借阅
readership读者群;高级讲师职务
authorship创作;原作者;作者身份;作家职业;写作生涯
journals日记;杂志;日志;日报;分类账;(journal的复数)
expands扩张;详述;(expand的第三人称单数);展开;张开;发展
two-tier双重的
richer更富有的;更肥沃的;更富饶的;更昂贵的;更油腻的;(rich的比较级)
prestigious有威信的;有威望的;有声望的;地位显赫的
mirrors镜子;真实的写照;榜样;反映;(mirror的复数);反射;(mirror的第三人称单数)
editorial board编辑委员会;编委会;编辑部
That open science can increase inequity should alarm science reformers.
开放科学会增加不平等,这应该给科学改革者敲响警钟。
At the very least, they should commit to monitoring how researchers are affected.
至少,他们应该致力于监测研究人员是如何受到影响的。
To be sure, equity is not the sole priority for many advocates.
可以肯定的是,对于许多倡导者来说,公平并不是唯一的优先事项。
When my team first announced its project, some critics objected.
当我的团队首次宣布其项目时,一些批评人士表示反对。
They argued that the key aims of open science are to improve research integrity by making processes and products more amenable to inspection, and boosting efficiency by making others’ work reusable.
他们认为,开放科学的关键目标是通过使过程和产品更易于检查来提高研究的完整性,并通过使他人的工作可重复使用来提高效率。
Still, as our work has shown, equity is often cited as a key aim.
然而,正如我们的工作所显示的那样,公平经常被视为一个关键目标。
Even those rooting for equity often argue that we should first enable access and then consider unintended side effects, such as marginalization of authors from low-income countries.
即使是那些支持公平的人也经常认为,我们应该首先实现获取,然后考虑意想不到的副作用,例如低收入国家作者的边缘化。
But how change is implemented will have long-lasting consequences.
但是如何实施变革将会产生长期的影响。
Once new forms of inequity are in place, it will be too late to fix the system efficiently.
一旦新的不平等形式出现,要有效地修复这个体系就为时已晚。
How can we ensure that open knowledge creation becomes fairer than it is now?
我们如何确保开放的知识创造变得比现在更加公平?
First, we need more shared understanding and global dialogue.
首先,我们需要更多的共识和全球对话。
Open science is an umbrella term for a coalition of diverse practices with sometimes conflicting aims of transparency, participation and equity.
开放科学是一个总括性术语,它指的是在透明度、参与和公平等目标上有时相互冲突的各种实践的联合。
We desperately need to untangle these.
我们迫切需要解决这些问题。
重点词汇
inequity不公平;不公正
commit to承诺;致力于
to be sure(承认属实)诚然, 固然, 无可否认
objected反对;抗议;不赞成;拒绝接受;(object的过去式和过去分词)
amenable to服从;顺从;经得起
boosting增加;促进;提高;吹捧;向上推起;推动;推进;偷窃;放大;(boost的现在分词)
reusable可重复使用的
rooting使…生根;扎根于;与…性交;用鼻拱土觅食;(root的现在分词)
unintended非计划中的;非故意的
long-lasting长期的;持续时间长的;长效;持久;长期持久
Second, reform should encompass the research system as a whole, rather than country- or region-based policies that target specific practices.
其次,改革应该涵盖整个研究体系,而不是针对特定实践的基于国家或地区的政策。
The UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science is an example of how this can work.
联合国教科文组织关于开放科学的建议就是一个例子。
Our recommendations include more focus on shared infrastructure, as well as on who participates and how.
我们的建议包括更加关注共享基础设施,以及谁参与和如何参与。
That means discussing ways to have open access without publishing fees, plus making open practices easier, cheaper and more valued by promotion and grant evaluators.
这意味着讨论在不收取出版费用的情况下开放获取的方法,以及让开放实践更容易、更便宜、更受推广和授权评估人员的重视。
I do think that open science can bring much good.
我确实认为开放科学可以带来很多好处。
Like many of its advocates, I aim to make research more accessible and collaborative and to establish a system that rewards current merit, not past success or current privilege.
像它的许多提倡者一样,我的目标是让研究更容易获得、更具有合作性,并建立一个奖励当前价值的系统,而不是过去的成功或当前的特权。
Any potential for open science to compound inequalities must be vigilantly monitored by the academic community — otherwise we idealists risk scoring an own goal.
学术界必须警惕地监控开放科学加剧不平等的任何可能性——否则我们理想主义者就有可能自掘坟墓。
重点词汇
encompass环绕;围绕;包围;围住;促成;实现;包括;包含
participates参与;分享;参加;(participate的第三人称单数)
open access公开机会;开架借阅
cheaper便宜的;廉价的;小气的;不值钱的;刻薄的;吝啬的;(cheap的比较级);便宜地
valued贵重的;宝贵的;受到尊重的;经估价的;评价;重视;估价;(value的过去式和过去分词)
advocates拥护;支持;提倡;主张;为…辩护;鼓吹;(advocate的第三人称单数);提倡者;支持者;拥护者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;(advocate的复数)
rewards报酬;报答;酬金;赏金;(reward的复数);奖赏;酬谢;(reward的第三人称单数)
merit优秀品质;优点;价值;长处;是非曲直;良;事实真相;善行;善事;值得;应受
privilege特权;特惠待遇;优待;特别待遇;特殊荣幸;议会特权;拒绝泄露内情权;特许经营权;豁免权;垄断权;授予…以特权;特免;免除
inequalities不平等;不均等;不相同;不等式(数学);(inequality的复数)
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