一、 直接引语和间接引语的概念
1、 直接引语
直接引语是直接引用别人所说的话，用引号表示出来。直接引用别人的原话时，不作任何改动。
2、 间接引语
间接引语是转述别人的话，多以宾语从句的形式表现出来，个别句子种类以动词不定式表示出来。
二、 直接引语与间接引语的转换
1、 直接引语的句子成分分析
She said to him, “I like these flowers.”
主语 转述 宾语 直接引语
动词
she是直接引语的主语，也是间接引语的主语。
said to是直接引语的谓语动词，转换间接引语时称作转述动词，也可以称为引述动词。
him是宾语，也可以说是转述动词的宾语。
I like these flowers. 是直接引语，转换间接引语时重点要考虑的部分。
2、 间接引语的句子成分分析
She told him that she liked those flowers.
主语 转述动词 宾语 引导词 间接引语
3、 直接引语变换间接引语过程中各部分成分分析
直接变间接后的句子成分分析：主语 转述动词 宾语 引导词/连词 间接引语（陈述语序）
句子结构中，有四个大的方面的变化。
a) 主语不变
Mary often says, “I want to be a doctor when I grow up.”
Mary often says that she wants to be a doctor when she grows up.
He said,“I repaired the watch yesterday.”
He said that he had repaired the watch the day before.”
b) 转述动词根据直接引语的语意、语气适当变化
直接引语变换间接引语时，转述动词常用say, tell, ask, order, warn, advise, cry, shout等。 具体来说，
直接引语是陈述句，转述动词一般多用say, tell等。
Bob said to Mary,“I saw the film two days ago.”
Bob told Mary that he had seen the film two days before
直接引语是疑问句，转述动词一般多用ask, wonder, want to know等。
The teacher said,“Can you hear me, children?”
The teacher asked the children if they could hear him
The doctor said, “You’d better give up smoking.”
The doctor advised that I had better give up smoking.
直接引语时祈使句，转述动词一般多用ask, tell, order, advise,warn等。
My father said to me, “ Don’t give up.”
My father warned me not to give up.
c) 宾语根据情况需要适当变化
She asked, “Did you go shopping yesterday, mum?”
She asked her mum if / whether she had gone shopping the day before.
Her mother asked her, “When do you go swimming?”
Her mother asked her when she went swimming.
d) 引导词/连词根据直接引语适当变化
直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语由that引导，that可省略。
Li Jie said, “ I go to school by bus every day.”
Li Jie said (that) she went to school by bus every day.
“We will come here again tonight,” the students said to the teacher.
The students told the teacher (that) they would go there again that night
直接引语是一般疑问句时，间接引语由if/whether引导。
John said, “ Do all of you often play games with your friends?”
John asked if/whether all of us often played games with our friends.
The teacher said,“Can you hear me, children?”
The teacher asked the children if/whether they could hear him.
直接引语是反意疑问句时，间接引语由if/whether … or not引导。
He asked me, “ You study English, don’t you?”
He asked me if / whether I studied English or not.
“It’s Jack, isn’t it?” asked Flower.
Flower asked if / whether it was Jack or not.
直接引语是选择疑问句时，间接引语由whether … or引导。
I asked Sally, “ Will you stay with me or go by yourself on a picnic?”
I asked Sally whether she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.
He asked me, “Do you like poems or novels?”
He asked me whether I liked poems or novels.
直接引语是特殊疑问句时，间接引语由相应疑问词引导。
“Who has broken this cup ?” Mum asked me.
Mum asked me who had broken that cup.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
直接引语是祈使句时，间接引语变成不定式；否定祈使句则在不定式前面加上not。
Mr White said to me,“Please give my wife a message when she returns from the library.”
Mr White asked me to give his wife a message when she returned from the library.
The old worker sad to us,“Don’t forget the past.”
The old worker told us not to forget the past.
直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语由what或how引导，也可用that引导。
She cried, “What a crazy idea you have!”
She cried what a crazy idea I had.
She cried that I had a crazy idea.
John complained, “How cold it is today!”
John complained how cold it was that day.
John complained that it was cold that day.
e) 间接引语实际上是宾语从句，有人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和方向性动词六大变化。下面专题讲解。
