Hi, there.
嘿，你好。
My name is Emma, and in today's video I'm going to teach you something very important for if you're taking any type of test that has a writing component.
我的名字是艾玛，在今天的视频中，如果你正在参加任何类型的有写作成分的考试，我将教你一些非常重要的东西。
So, if you are taking the IELTS, the TOEFL, the CELPIP, even just a university test, it can be any type of test, but if you're asked to write something like an essay or a paragraph, this video is for you.
所以，如果你正在参加雅思考试，托福，CELPIP，即使只是大学考试，它也可以是任何类型的考试，但如果你被要求写一篇文章或一段话，这个视频适合你。
So I'm going to teach you a very important skill that will help improve your marks when it comes to writing on tests.
因此，我将教你一项非常重要的技能，这将有助于提高你在考试写作时的成绩。
So, let's get started.
那么，让我们开始吧。
So, I have here an essay question.
所以，我这里有一个论文问题。
This question is actually. . .
这个问题实际上是...
I've seen it on the IELTS. You know, you have similar types of questions on the TOEFL, sometimes in university.
我在雅思考试上看到过。你知道，你在托福考试上有类似类型的问题，有时在大学里。
The question is this: " Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree or disagree? " Or maybe: " To what extent do you agree or disagree? " So, this is an example of a question you might be asked.
问题是："教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素。你同意还是不同意？"或者也许："你在多大程度上同意或不同意？因此，这是您可能会被问到的问题的示例。
Now, a problem a lot of students have is in their answer to this question.
现在，很多学生都有一个问题，那就是他们对这个问题的回答。
They see this, and they think: " Okay, education is the most important factor in the development of a country, yes, I agree." So then they. . .
他们看到这一点，他们会想："好吧，教育是一个国家发展的最重要因素，是的，我同意。所以他们...
Or: " I disagree" , and they start writing.
或者："我不同意"，然后他们开始写作。
And what do they write?
他们写了什么？
Usually the very first thing students will write is this: " I agree that education is the single most important factor in the development of a country because. . ." So, what is the problem with this?
通常，学生会写的第一件事是："我同意教育是一个国家发展中最重要的一个因素，因为......"那么，这有什么问题呢？
Is there any problem to start off your essay with something like this, or to start off your answer?
用这样的东西开始你的文章，或者开始你的答案有什么问题吗？
There's a big problem.
有一个大问题。
So I want you to take a moment and think: " What could be the problem with starting your essay off with this sentence? " Okay, well, if you noticed, you have here the word: " education, education, is, is, the single most important, most important factor" .
所以我希望你花点时间思考一下："用这句话开始你的文章有什么问题？好吧，好吧，如果你注意到了，你这里有一个词："教育，教育，是，是，是唯一最重要，最重要的因素"。
If you notice, these are the same.
如果您注意到，这些是相同的。
They're the exact same, except for: " I agree that" and " because" .
它们完全相同，除了："我同意"和"因为"。
The student, here, has used the exact same wording that is in the question.
在这里，学生使用了与问题完全相同的措辞。
So, if you do this on the IELTS-and many students do this, same with on the TOEFL-you actually will lose marks, and same with in university, because you're not showing your abilities; you're just copying what somebody else has said or what the essay question is.
所以，如果你在雅思上这样做 - 许多学生这样做，就像在托福上一样 - 你实际上会失去分数，在大学里也是如此，因为你没有展示你的能力;你只是在复制别人说过的话或论文问题是什么。
So, in this video, I'm going to show you first off. . .
所以，在这个视频中，我将首先向您展示...
First off, I'm going to tell you: Don't do this, don't copy.
首先，我要告诉你：不要这样做，不要复制。
And I'm going to teach you ways in order to improve yourself and your answer by changing this wording.
我将教你一些方法，通过改变这个措辞来改善你自己和你的答案。
How can you change your introduction so it's different than what the question is?
你怎么能改变你的介绍，使它与问题不同？
So, let's look at how to make these changes.
因此，让我们看一下如何进行这些更改。
Okay, so what we are going to do in order to change the question into a proper answer that doesn't just copy the question, is we are going to paraphrase.
好吧，那么我们将要做的是将问题变成一个正确的答案，而不仅仅是复制问题，我们将解释。
So, the word here is: " paraphrase" .
所以，这里的词是："转述"。
This might be a new word for you.
这对你来说可能是一个新词。
What does it mean to paraphrase something?
解释某些内容是什么意思？
Well, when we paraphrase, it means we take a sentence that, you know. . .
好吧，当我们转述时，这意味着我们采取一句话，你知道......
We take somebody else's sentence and we change it into our own words.
我们接受别人的句子，我们把它改成我们自己的话。
So, we change the words of a sentence, we also change maybe the sentence structure, but we keep all the same meaning.
所以，我们改变了一个句子的单词，我们也可能改变了句子的结构，但我们保留了所有相同的含义。
Okay?
好？
So, the meaning from the sentence you copy, it stays the same, same meaning, but different words and different sentence structure.
所以，从你复制的句子中的意思，它保持不变，相同的含义，但不同的单词和不同的句子结构。
Okay?
好？
So it's in your words, but this other person's meaning.
所以这是在你的话里，但这个别人的意思。
So, we are going to paraphrase this example of a question into our own words.
因此，我们将把这个问题的例子解释为我们自己的话。
So, first we're going to look at how to do that using vocabulary and synonyms. So, we have here the same question: " Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country." How can we put this into new words or our own words that keep the same meaning?
所以，首先我们要看看如何使用词汇和同义词来做到这一点。因此，我们这里有同样的问题："教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素。我们怎么能把它变成新的词或我们自己的词来保持相同的含义呢？
Well, we can use synonyms. So, this might be a new word for you, too.
好吧，我们可以使用同义词。所以，这对你来说也可能是一个新词。
A " synonym" .
一个"同义词"。
" Synonyms" are words that have the same meaning, but are different words.
"同义词"是具有相同含义但不同单词的单词。
So, for example: " big" and " large" , they have the same meaning, just like: " huge" , " enormous" , these are synonyms of each other; same meaning, but they're different words.
所以，例如："大"和"大"，它们具有相同的含义，就像："巨大"，"巨大"，这些是彼此的同义词;相同的含义，但它们是不同的单词。
So, you need to use different synonyms so you don't just copy these words.
因此，您需要使用不同的同义词，这样您就不必只是复制这些单词。
You use synonyms to have words that have the same meaning, but are different words.
使用同义词来表示具有相同含义但单词不同的单词。
So, let's look at an example.
那么，让我们看一个例子。
Our first word, here, is: " education" .
我们的第一个词是："教育"。
What's another word we can use instead of. . .
我们可以用什么词来代替...
Instead of " education" ?
而不是"教育"？
Well, there's different words we can use.
好吧，我们可以使用不同的单词。
Maybe one could be: " schooling" .
也许一个可能是："学校教育"。
So, we could change this word to " schooling" .
因此，我们可以将这个词改为"学校教育"。
" Schooling is the single most important factor in the development of a country." What's another word we can change?
"学校教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素。我们可以改变的另一个词是什么？
Well, maybe " most important" .
好吧，也许是"最重要的"。
Instead of using the word " most important" , maybe we could use: " most significant" or " most essential" .
与其使用"最重要"这个词，也许我们可以使用："最重要"或"最重要"。
So: " essential" , " significant" .
所以："基本"，"重要"。
There are many words you can use.
您可以使用许多单词。
But the point here is: Find a word that has the same meaning, but is a different word.
但这里的重点是：找到一个具有相同含义的单词，但是一个不同的单词。
Okay, here's another word: " factor" .
好的，这是另一个词："因素"。
Can you think of another word for " factor" ?
你能想到"因素"的另一个词吗？
Well, sometimes " factor" , it can be an " aspect" or an " element" .
好吧，有时是"因素"，它可以是"方面"或"元素"。
Okay?
好？
You can even say sometimes: " a significant role" .
您有时甚至可以说："一个重要的角色"。
Or: " a part" .
或者："一部分"。
So, there's different words we can use that have similar meanings.
因此，我们可以使用具有相似含义的不同单词。
In terms of the word " development" , we can change the word " development" to " advancement" , " progression" , " evolution" .
就"发展"这个词而言，我们可以把"发展"这个词改成"进步"、"进步"、"进化"。
And in terms of the word " country" , another word for " country" is " nation" .
就"国家"这个词而言，"国家"的另一个词是"民族"。
So, these are all synonyms, and this is what you want to do.
所以，这些都是同义词，这就是你想要做的。
When you look at the question, think about some new words you can use that have the same meaning.
当你看到这个问题时，想想一些你可以使用具有相同含义的新词。
This is also important throughout your essay, because one problem a lot of students have is they keep using the same word again, and again, and again in every sentence.
这在你的整篇文章中也很重要，因为很多学生都有一个问题，那就是他们一遍又一遍地在每个句子中一遍又一遍地使用相同的单词。
This does not help you with your marks.
这对您的分数没有帮助。
It's better to use different words that have the same meaning.
最好使用具有相同含义的不同单词。
At the same time, you have to be careful, here, because some students, they find a new word, they think it's a great word, but there is a little bit of a difference in meaning.
同时，你要小心，在这里，因为有些学生，他们发现了一个新词，他们认为这是一个很棒的词，但在含义上有一点点差异。
So, you need to be really comfortable with the word you choose, and you need to know what it actually means so it doesn't sound strange.
所以，你需要对你选择的词感到非常满意，你需要知道它的实际含义，这样它听起来就不奇怪了。
Okay, so if we wanted to change this now, instead of saying: " Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country" , our paraphrase. . .
好吧，所以如果我们现在想改变这一点，而不是说："教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素"，我们的转述......
Our first step in our paraphrase could be changing these words to: " Schooling is the single most significant element in the advancement of a nation." Okay?
我们解释的第一步可能是把这些话改成："学校教育是一个国家进步中最重要的元素。好？
So that's just one example.
这只是一个例子。
So, now, let's look at another thing you can do in order to paraphrase the question on a test or exam.
所以，现在，让我们看看你可以做的另一件事，以便在测试或考试中解释这个问题。
Okay, another way we can paraphrase is by changing the structure of the sentence.
好吧，我们可以解释的另一种方法是改变句子的结构。
So, for example, you might have a verb and, you know, which is an action, and you might change that into its noun form.
所以，例如，你可能有一个动词，你知道，这是一个动作，你可以把它改成它的名词形式。
So, for example, if your verb is " developing" , you might change that into " development" .
因此，例如，如果您的动词是"开发"，则可以将其更改为"开发"。
You might change, similarly, a noun into a verb.
同样，您可以将名词更改为动词。
So, for example, we just said " development" is the noun, it can turn into: " develop" or " developing" .
所以，比如我们刚才说"发展"是名词，它可以变成："发展"或"发展"。
You can also change things into adjectives.
您也可以将事物更改为形容词。
So, if, for example, you're talking about " technology" , which is a noun, you can change this into the adjective form which is " technological" .
因此，例如，如果您正在谈论"技术"，这是一个名词，则可以将其更改为形容词形式，即"技术"。
So, changing the form of the word can help you with paraphrasing.
因此，更改单词的形式可以帮助您进行释义。
Also changing placement of the words can help you out.
此外，更改单词的位置可以帮助您。
So, for example, in our original sentence or the question was: " Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country." So, I've now changed some of the wording, as well as the order.
因此，例如，在我们最初的句子或问题是："教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素。所以，我现在已经改变了一些措辞，以及顺序。
So, here: " Education" is at the beginning.
所以，在这里："教育"是开始。
In my sentence: " The most essential element of a nation's development is education." I've changed the order of the sentence, so now " education" is at the end, instead of at the beginning.
用我的话说："一个国家发展最基本的要素是教育。我改变了句子的顺序，所以现在"教育"在最后，而不是在开头。
I've also started out with: " The most essential" , as my beginning; whereas here, it was in the middle.
我也从："最本质的"开始，作为我的开始;而在这里，它在中间。
You'll also notice we have, here: " in the development of a country" , I've changed this to: " nation's development" .
你也会注意到，我们在这里："在一个国家的发展中"，我把它改成了："国家的发展"。
I could also change this to: " country's development" , instead of " the development of a country" .
我也可以把它改成："国家的发展"，而不是"一个国家的发展"。
So, changing the order of the sentence and changing some of the structures can really help you in terms of paraphrasing.
因此，更改句子的顺序并更改一些结构确实可以在释义方面为您提供帮助。
Now let's learn one other way in which we can improve our marks by paraphrasing.
现在，让我们学习另一种方法，通过释义可以提高我们的分数。
Okay, so the last tip I have about paraphrasing a question is using concessions.
好吧，所以我关于解释问题的最后一个技巧是使用让步。
So, what is a concession?
那么，什么是让步呢？
Well, I want you to look at what the question actually says and my new answer to it.
好吧，我想让你看看这个问题到底说了什么，以及我对它的新答案。
The question, again, same question as before: " Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country." My answer. . .
这个问题，再次，与以前相同的问题："教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素。我的答案...
Okay, so I've changed some words and I've also changed the structure a bit, but there's one other thing I've added.
好吧，所以我改变了一些单词，我也改变了一些结构，但是我又添加了一件事。
" Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, I think education has a far greater impact." So, what I've done here is I've added a concession.
"虽然许多人会认为经济是国家建设中最重要的因素，但我认为教育的影响要大得多。所以，我在这里所做的是增加了一个让步。
A concession is where you say what the opposite opinion is, and then you say what your opinion is.
让步是你说相反的意见是什么，然后你说你的意见是什么。
So, you're giving two opinions; you're giving your opinion and also what other people might think.
所以，你给出了两种意见;你正在给出你的意见，以及其他人可能的想法。
This is a great thing to do, especially in essays, and this is something you can do at the beginning of your answer.
这是一件很棒的事情，特别是在论文中，这是你可以在答案开始时做的事情。
So, we use here the key word: " Although" .
因此，我们在这里使用关键字："虽然"。
And you'll notice that this has two clauses.
您会注意到这有两个子句。
I don't want to get too technical with grammar on you today, but what I mean is: If you see, we have the red part: " Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, " and then we have a second part.
今天我不想在语法上说得太技术性，但我的意思是：如果你看到，我们有红色的部分："尽管许多人会争辩说经济是国家建设中最重要的因素，"然后我们有第二部分。
So, we have two parts to this sentence.
所以，这句话有两个部分。
" . . . I think education has a far greater impact." So, the first part of the sentence is in red and it's the " Although" part, and the second part of the sentence is in purple-okay?
" ...我认为教育的影响要大得多。所以，句子的第一部分是红色的，它是"虽然"部分，句子的第二部分是紫色的，好吗？
-and that's: " I think education has a far greater impact." And they're separated by a comma.
-那就是："我认为教育的影响要大得多。它们之间用逗号分隔。
So, a concession has two parts to it.
因此，特许权有两个部分。
You say what the other people think first, in this case: " Although many" , " many" meaning people, we could also say: " many people" .
你说别人先想的是什么，在这种情况下："虽然很多"，"很多"意味着人，我们也可以说："很多人"。
" Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, " okay?
"虽然许多人会争辩说经济是国家建设中最重要的因素，"好吗？
So, this is what some people would say.
所以，这是有些人会说的。
Now I'm going to say what I think.
现在我要说出我的想法。
" I think education has a far greater impact." So, why is this a good idea?
"我认为教育的影响要大得多。那么，为什么这是一个好主意呢？
Well, one reason is because when you write a concession, when you're showing what the opposite opinion of yours is, you're showing that you've thought about the issue.
嗯，一个原因是，当你写一个让步时，当你展示你的相反意见是什么时，你是在表明你已经考虑过这个问题。
You're looking at both sides.
你看着两面。
You're not just looking at your opinion.
你不只是在看你的意见。
You're looking at both sides, and then you're making a judgment.
你看着两面，然后你做出判断。
So this shows that you're thinking about the question, and you're really giving it some thought.
所以这表明你正在考虑这个问题，你真的在思考它。
And by representing both sides, you're really showing critical thinking.
通过代表双方，你真的表现出了批判性思维。
So this is a very good idea to do.
所以这是一个非常好的主意。
Okay, so the three things we've talked about today in terms of paraphrasing the question is: Changing the words using synonyms, we've talked about changing the sentence structure, and we've also talked about adding the other perspective using concessions.
好吧，我们今天在解释这个问题方面讨论的三件事是：使用同义词更改单词，我们已经讨论了更改句子结构，我们还讨论了使用让步添加其他视角。
So, these are three things you can do in order to change the question so you're not just copying what is on your test paper.
因此，这是您可以做的三件事，以更改问题，这样您就不仅仅是复制试卷上的内容。
Again, great thing to do if you're writing a high school essay, university essay, TOEFL, IELTS, CELPIP, all of these things - this skill will really come in handy for you.
同样，如果你正在写一篇高中论文，大学论文，托福，雅思，CELPIP，所有这些事情，那么这是一件很棒的事情 - 这项技能真的会派上用场。
Now, you might be wondering: " Okay, this is great, but I don't know any synonyms. Or I. . . You know, I don't know much about this." Well, what you can do is you can come check out our website at www. engvid. com. There, you can find a lot of other resources, including improving your vocabulary, we even have a video on how to make concessions, you know, we have videos on sentence structure, too.
现在，你可能想知道："好吧，这很好，但我不知道任何同义词。或者我...你知道，我对此知之甚少。好吧，您可以做的是查看我们的网站 www.engvid.com。在那里，你可以找到很多其他资源，包括提高你的词汇量，我们甚至有一个关于如何做出让步的视频，你知道，我们也有关于句子结构的视频。
So, there's a lot of videos you can check out and a lot of resources.
因此，您可以查看很多视频和大量资源。
You can also come visit our website where you will find a quiz, and by taking that quiz, you can actually practice your paraphrasing skills so you can see, you know: " Am I doing this right? Is this. . . ? You know, is this the right way to do this? " and get more practice.
您也可以访问我们的网站，在那里您可以找到一个测验，通过参加该测验，您实际上可以练习您的释义技巧，这样您就可以看到，您知道："我做对了吗？这是...吗？你知道，这是正确的方法吗？"并得到更多的练习。
So, I hope you've enjoyed this video.
所以，我希望你喜欢这个视频。
And until next time, take care.
再见，保重。
