2022年高考英语巅峰突破精讲系列13
复合句
在英语中，根据结构的繁简可将句子分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句和并列句的分析方法比较简单，在此不再赘述。而主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的，其结构比较复杂，修饰限制成分较多，这就给分析结构，判断类型以及掌握用法带来了许多困难，但主句始终是整个复合句中的主体，而从句则只是一个从属成分，它在主从复合句中可起主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语及状语作用，因此，根据从句在整个主从复合句中所能充当的成分，可将其分为名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）。下文将从从句类型辨析，从句成分的分析以及基本的解题技巧和规律等方面进行探讨。
一、总览句子结构，辨明从句类型：面对纷繁复杂的句子结构，首先必须分清复合句的类型，然后才能对主从复合句进行全面而深入的分析。
例句1 Whether we’ll g fishing tomorrow depends on the weather.
例句2 President George Bush expressed the hope that he would pay a visit to China again.
例句3 That they won the game was what was expected.
例句4 –Could you tell me for whom you are weaving?
--My father.
例句5 There are two skyscrapers in the city ,the higher of which serves as a trade center.
例句6 Each time my father comes back from work, he always brings me some small things such as biscuits, potato chips, milk powder and so on.
从句子结构来看，例句1中的从句whether we’ll go fishing tomorrow作depends on的主语，所以，是主语从句；例句2中的从句that he would pay a visit to China again作名词the hope的同位语，故为同位语从句；例句3中的从句that they won the game是全句的主语，是主语从句，而从句what was expected作联系动词的表语，故为表语从句；例句4中的从句for whom you are weaving作双宾语动词tell的直接宾语，为宾语从句；例句5中的从句the higher of which serves as a trade center作two skyscrapers的定语，因此是定语从句；例句6中的从句each time my father comes back from work作主句的时间状语，故为时间状语从句。由此可见，从句在整个主从复合句中充当什么句子成分，就叫什么从句。
而要辨明从句的类型，最主要的方法是从句子的整体结构入手，利用简单句的成分分析法来确定该从句在整个主从复合句中作何种句子成分，兼顾复合句的意义表征便可准确判断从句类型。其次，也可以采用“复化单”的方法，将主从复合句（定语从句除外）中的从句部分用一个元（比如用一个英文字母）来代替，将其转化为一个简单句的形式，然后再根据简单句的成分分析法来确定从句的类型。比如，用A代替That they won the game，用B代替what was expected，以上例句3便可简化为：A was B，这显然是简单名基本句型中的S V P的形式，即是一个主系表结构，也即A为主语，B为表语，因此，A代替的部分就是主语从句，而B代替的部分就是表语从句。以此类推，考生也可以采用同样的方法去简化其它名词从句和状语从句。
总之，辨明从句类型是理清句子结构的关键步骤，也只有准确判断了从句的类型，才有条件谈及对主从复合句的进一步分析，也才能为正确选用复合句的引导词铺平道路。
二、根据从句所缺的句子成分正确选用引导词
在弄清了从句类型的前提下，还要深入分析题干中空格处所缺部分在整个主从复合句中应该充当什么句子成分，然后再根据英语简单句的成分分析法来判断哪些引导词能够充当该成分，同时兼顾一些特殊用法，以最终达到准确选用引导词的目的。
为了判断从句中缺少什么句子成分，首先应当从动词本身的特征入手，看它是及物动词还是不及物动词。若是及物动词，重点应当考查该复合句中是否缺少宾语；若动词是不及物动词，重点应当考查该复合名中是否缺少状语。
案例1 He will never forget ________of last week.
A. that he was warned; B. what he was warned; C. what he warned; D. that he told
[解析]综观题干和选项可知，动词forget后应带有一个宾语从句，且从句中的介词of又缺少一个宾语，又因that引导宾语从句不能充当任何句子成分，可排除选项A、D；再从动词warn的句型(warn sb of sth)来看，选项C的语态不对，因此，正确答案为B。
题例2．To shut your eyes to facts，_______ many of you do，is foolish．
A．as B. like C. that D. which
[解析]do是及物动词，必须带有自己的宾语，而like是介词，可首先排除；that不能引导非限制性定语从句，选项C也可排除；as和Which均可用于引导一种特殊的定语从句，并以其前边的句子、短语或成分作为先行词，但作宾语时一般要用as。
题例3．In the office，I never seem to have time until after 5:30 PM，______many people have gone home．
A．at whose time B．at the time when C．by which time D．the time by which
[解析]从句中的谓语have gone是不及物的，只可能缺少状语，选项A、C的结构不合语法规范，可首先排除；at the time指代主句中的at 5:30 PM，是一过去的时间点，不能与现在完成时态(have gone)连用，先项B也可排除；先项D中的the time与5：30 pm同位，by which也正表现了从句中所缺的状语，所以D为正确答案。
要判断从句中所缺少的句子成分，除了考虑动词本身的特性外，还应当考虑到主从复合句的整体结构，注重冠词、连词及介词的隔离、连接和支配作用，并利用“还原法”将疑问语序和倒装语序化为正常的陈述语序，然后再分析句子成分的缺失现象。
题例4、Is this the room _________ you used to live?
A．where B the place where C．at the place where D the place that
[解析]初看起来，该例题于句子结构较为复杂，成分缺失情况模糊不清，但是，名词room前已有一个定冠词，便不能再用this等指示代词来修饰，所以，题干可以还原为：This is the room_________you used to live，很显然，这是一个以the room为先行词的定语从句，而从句中的不及物动词live又缺少一个状语，因此选项A为正确答案。
题例5．Is this room___________you used to live?
A．where B．the place where C．at the place where D．the place that
[解析]该例中的名词前没有冠词，且room为单数可数名词，从语法上讲，单数可数名词前必须要有限定词，所以，this只能是room的定语，原句可还原为:This room is______you used to live，由句型特征可以看出，联系动词is缺少一个表语，需用名词来充当，且从句中的动词live缺少一个地点状语，需用where代,故选项B为正确答案。
综上所述，要找准从句中所缺的句子成分，既要考查动词本身的特征，又要考查主从复合句的整体结构；既要合理应用“复化单法”，又要充分利用“还原法”。
三、分析实例，把握区别，总结规律
为了能准确地分析把握英语复合句的结构及用法，我们既要判明从句所缺的句子成分，又要准确地选用引导词，还要通过对一些典型实例的分析与概括来提示出复合句引导词选用的一些基本规律。
在英语复合词的引导词中,that与what，which与whose，if与whether等几组词极易混淆，如果错误选用了这些引导词，将会导致复合分析判断的彻底失败。因此，在各级英语水平测试中，有许多考生对有关复合句的试题只有跟着感觉走，瞎猜的现象极其普遍，其原因主要在于他们对这些词可以用来引导什么样的复合句以及同一个引导词在引导不同类型的复合句时的意义和语法特征模糊不清。而对复合句的分析理解水平在很大程度上将影响到学生的阅读理解能力的提高和阅读速度的提高，并将进一步影响到学生的考试成绩，所以，广大考生务必重视复合句的分析，并从大量的实例中发现和总结出一般的解题规律。为此，笔者特以如下例句分析来加以说明。
例句7：That he is a good boy is known to us all．
例句8：We know that he is good at English．
例句9．The fact that Mr. Black is an American can’t be accepted。
例句1 0：My suggestion is that you should try your best to analyze the current situations．
例句ll：The tape that you are asking for is quite cheap。
例句12-This is the house that stands on the giant rock。
例句13：What he said is not true．
例句14：I can’t remember what he told me．
例句l 5-That is what he has done．
例句1 6：All that he said is not true.
例句1 7：I can’t remember all that he told me．
例句1 8：That is all that he has done.
对以上例句进行仔细分析便不难看出，例句7，8，9，10，分别为主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句，引导词that均未充当任何句子成分，只起一个连结作用；而例句11、12均为定语从句，例11中的关系代词that作动词词组ask for的宾语，例12中的that作动词stands的主语。因此，我们可以得出使用引导词that的一般规律是：that引导名词从句时一律不充当任何句子成分，但引导定语从句时必须充当主语或宾语。
例句13、14、1 5均是名词从句，what分别引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，且均可转化为例句16、17、18的定语从句。由此可见，what的一般使用规律是：由what引导的名词性从句均可转化为以all为先行词that为引导词的定语从句，但what本身是疑问代词，而不是关系词(关系代词)，只能引导名词从句，而不能引导定语从句。
例句19：This is the book which I gave you just now．
例句20：Taiwan is an island which belongs to China from ancient．
例句21：I don’t know which room I should choose．
例句22：The boss in whose department Mr. Wang worked called at the hospital。
例句23：Would you please make sure whose pen it is?
分析上述例句可以看出，例句19、20、22中的从句均为定语从句，例1 9中的which充当动词gave的宾语，例20中的which作动词belongs的主语，例22中的whose作department的定语。
例句21、23中的从句均为宾语从句(名词性从句)，例21中的which作名词room的定语，例23中的whose作名词pen的定语。
由此可见，选用which和whose的一般规律是：which引导定语从句时只能作主语或宾语，而引导名词从句时只能作定语；whose引导定语从句和名词从句时一律作定语。
例句24：Do you know if／whether she’s coming?
例句25：I don’t care if she doesn’t come．
例句26：Whether you can stay here is another matter.
例句27：The question is whether this material can be used in our factory.
例句28：Whether he is ready，I don’t know．
由以上例句可以看出，选用whether和if具有如下规律：引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换，若宾语从句是否定句时一般用if；引导主语从句和表语从句时只能用
whether；从句位于主句之前时只能用whether。
注意：
1、定语从句中只能用that的情况：①先行词为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything, anything, many，much和none等；②．先行词被some，any，no，every及all等修饰；③．先行词前有序数词或最高级修饰时;④．先行词被only，very，just，right等修饰时；⑤．先行词包括人和事物时；
2、定语从句中不用that的情况有：①．that不能引导非限制性定语从句；②．that不能作介词宾语；
3、当先行词被the same，such，so等修饰时，定语从句只能用as引导；
4、在定语从句中，关系副词相当于 “介词 关系代词”，如when=at(in，on) which；where=at(in，on) which；why：==for which。但短语动词中的介词不可提前。
5、while用作从属连词时，侧重指主句动作在从句动作进行的过程中发生，从句动词须是延续性的，而且常用进行时态；而当while用作并列连词时，意义相当于but，侧重前后的两种情况的对比。
6、when用作从属连词时兼有while和as的词义，有时还具有条件意味，相当于if；而当when用作并列连词时，相当and at this time，可译为“突然”。
7、在英语中，并列连词不能与从属连词连用，如：although不与but连用，because不与so连用。
四．强化训练 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. She heard a terrible noise,________brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
2. When and where to build the new factory_______yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
3. Although he is considered a great writer, _________________.
A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read
4. In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person_______she could turn for help。
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
5. ___________ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
6. ---I don’t like chicken fish. ---I don’t like chicken，________ I like fish very much.
A. and；and B. and；but C. or；and D. or；but
7. The weather turned out to be very good，_____ was more than we could expect。
A. what B. which C. that D. it
8. She thought 1 was talking about her daughter，______,in fact，I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
9. If we work with a strong will，we can overcome any difficulty,____great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
10. It was not until 1 920________regular radio broadcasts began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
11. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town_____he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
- ___________ we’11 go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. whether C. That D. Where
13. After the war，a new school building was put up ________there had once been a theater.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
14. Why do you want a new job__________ you’ve got such a good one already?
A. that B. where C. which D. when
15. ---I’m going to the post office. ---_____you're there，can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
16. You’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As so on as
17. Carol said the work be done by October, _________personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
18. The number of people lost homes reached as many as 325，000.
A. who B. which C. whom D. how
19. You will fail in the Chemistry exam_______you work even harder.
A. if B. when C. unless D. although
20. China is the first country __________invented paper.
A. who B. that C. which D. 不填
21. Tom is no longer __________he was ten years ago.
A. whom B. that C. what D. when
22. Douglas has two brothers，one __________is a doctor.
A. of who B. of them C. of whom D. of that
23. The two old men talked a lot about their friends and things_______ they could remember in the village.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
24. Bartholomew is not the only student ________didn’t pass the examination.
A. who B. that C. which D. 不填
25. Such dictionary _______you can’t find out the meaning of the word is actually out ofdate.
A. which B as C. 不填 D. in which
26. It was a warm spring morning _______ my daughter was born in a small town.
A. that B. in which C. on which D. which
27. The way__________you spoke is harmful to those girls.
A. how B. in which C. with which D. that
28. December 13，1937 is the day_______ all Chinese should remember for ever when more than 300，000 people were killed by Japanese invaders.
A. that B. when C. on which D. at which
29. This is the most interesting film_______I have ever seen since I came here two years ago.
A. which B. that C. who D. what
30. The hospital _______I visited yesterday is not the one________my father used to work.
A which，where B. which，which C. where，where D. where，which
31. She was______angry at all________he was doing_____she walked out and closed the door behind her.
A. so, what, that B. too, that, which C. so, that, that D. too, which, that
32. “_________doesn’t agree to the plan can give opinion at the meeting,” said the chairman.
A. However B. whatever C. whoever D. who
33. Oil is the only thing_________many middle-east countries take pride.
A. that B. of which C. to which D. in which
34. --________can we do with such an abnormal person?
--Take________measure you think best.
A. What, whatever B. How, whichever C. How, whatever D. What, whichever
35.________the teacher was injured,_________help you always come to?
A. How was it that, whose B. How it was that, who
C. How was that, who D. Was it how that, whose
36. --which tape can I take, Mr. Black?
--Take_____one you like and leave the others for_______comes in later.
A.whatever, whom B whichever, who C. whichever, whoever D. whatever,whoever
37. The high building_________door lies south caught fire yesterday evening.
A. which whose B. of which whose C. of whose D. of which
38. Don’t worry about_______you’11 get to the airport on time. Time is enough.
A. whether B. if C. that D. how
39. It ________more than 1 0 years before China_______the Three Gorges project on the Changiiang River.
A. is, will complete B. will be, will complete
C. is, complete D. will be, has completed
40. That is_______a heavy box______no one can carry.
A. So, as B. So, that C. such, that D. such, as
Keys：l-5BAADA 6-10DBDCC l 1-1 5BBBDB l 6-20ADACB
21-25CCABD 26-30CBABA 31-35CCDAA 36-40CBADD
