1、Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldn’t be a built-in device for cleaning the window.
【句式翻译】注意到司机要很费力的透过覆盖在挡风玻璃上的雪向外看，她不禁想为什么不能有一个内置的设备来清除雪呢。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，that和why在句中引导宾语从句，Noticing , covering和wondering分别作状语、定语和宾补。
【词语点拨】
notice ①vt.注意到；看到。
常用于notice sb do sth; notice sb doing sth和notice sth done结构中。
I didn’t notice you wearing a new hat. =I didn’t notice you were wearing a new hat. 我没有注意到你戴了一顶新帽子。
We noticed Jack leave the house an hour ago.我们注意到杰克一小时前离开了这所房子。
No one but Miss Zhou noticed the flowers on the table changed.除周小姐外，没有人注意到桌子上的花被换过。
②n.注意；通知
The notice was set above the door, and I didn’t see it.通知贴在门的上方，我没看见。
He is too proud to take notice of others.他很骄傲，不理睬别人。
【语法点拨】
1）现在分词doing作定语：在逻辑上与所修饰的名词之间为主谓关系，也可改成定语从句。单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。如：
The glow of the setting sun is splendid; it is a pity that dusk is fast approaching.夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。
He is a businessman growing rich in recent years.他是一位最近几年才发起来的商人。
2）分词作宾补：分词一般只在两类动词后作宾补，感官动词(feel，listen to，hear，see，look at, watch，notice，observe) 和使役动词(have, make)。现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。如：
Through the window Jane saw children playing in the yard.透过窗户简看见孩子们在院子里玩。
Maria has had her wallet stolen on her way to school.上学路上，玛利亚的钱包被偷了。
2、To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life means getting on with other people and being able to understand and react to situations in the best way possible.
【句式翻译】在这个世界中生存并快乐的生活意味着能够与其他人很好的相处, 能够理解形势并以最好的方式作出反应。
【句式分析】本句是简单句，句子的主语是To get ahead…, means作谓语，getting on with…和being able to…是并列的宾语。
【词语点拨】react v. 反应，做出反应
When the sun comes out, the flowers react by opening.当太阳出来的时候，花以张开的形式作出反应。
Do children react to kind treatment by becoming more self-confident?对孩子们和善是否会使他们更有信心?
【语法点拨】doing作宾语：
①介词后常接doing作宾语，如：
She left the room without saying a word. 她没说什么就离开了房间。
②有些动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语，这类词有：finish, imagine, fancy, insist on, enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help（禁不住）, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, keep, resist, appreciate, put off＝delay, suggest, advise, allow, permit, forbid, ban, prohibit, forgive, excuse, risk, tolerate, recommend, stand, feel like, look forward to, prefer…to…等。如：
He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。
Much as she likes him, she would never consider marrying him.尽管她很喜欢他, 但她并不打算嫁给他。
③begin，start，like，prefer, hate后既可接to do也可接doing作宾语，意思差别不大，如：
He likes playing/to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。
④ stop，try，go on, remember, forget, mean, regret后面用doing或to do 不定式,意思不一样。
stop doing停止做 stop to do停下来开始做
try doing试一试做 try to do尽力做，企图做
go on doing继续做（同一件事） go on to do继续做（不同的事）
remember doing 记着做了 remember to do记着要做
forget doing忘记做了 forget to do忘记要做
mean doing意味着 mean to do打算做
regret doing后悔做了 regret to do遗憾要做
比较：
I forgot teaching the students the words.我忘记了曾教过学生们这些词。（已经教过）
I forgot to teach the students the words.我忘了教学生们这些词。（未教）
3、We even have different word for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which Shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.
【句式翻译】我们甚至对某些食物有不同的单词，特别是肉类，取决于它是长在田野里，还是在家里准备被烹饪，这表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大吃大喝。
【句式分析】本句是复合句, whether引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，while引导并列句，表对比，depending on…作状语。
【词语点拨】1）in particular 尤其，特别
His statement refers to people in general, not to anyone in particular.他的发言是泛指一般情况，不是针对某一个人的。
2）depend on 依赖，依靠
All living things depend on the sun for their growth.万物靠太阳生长。
The plan can have different results depending on the weather.根据天气的不同这项计划会有不同的结果。
【语法点拨】doing作状语
1）作时间状语
Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了。
可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.
Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时，我看到他了．”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时，我看到他了．”（这个是因为”分词作状语时 其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”）
2）作条件状语
e.g. Working hard,you will succeed. （只要）努力工作，你就会成功。
3）作原因状语
e.g. Being ill,she stayed at home. （因为）生病，她留在家里。
4）作让步状语
e.g. Having failed many times,he didn't lost heart. 有很多次失败，他没有灰心。
5）作结果状语
e.g. His friend died,getting him a lot of money, 他的朋友死了，（所以）给了他很多钱。
（注：动词不定式作结果状语通常表示一种出乎意料的结果，常在不定式前加only或never用来强调惊讶或失望；而ing形式作结果状语强调一种必然的因果关系）
6）作方式状语
e.g. Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题。
7）作伴随状语
e.g. Look at the people lying on the beach.看那些人正躺在沙滩上。
4、The computer burst into life and second later, the screen turned into colors, shifting and changing and then two big white words appeared in the center of the screen: “SPACE TRANSPORTER.”
【句式翻译】电脑突然活跃起来，几秒钟后屏幕变成彩色，图像开始不断变换，然后屏幕中间出现两个白色大字：“空间运输车”。
【句式分析】本句是并列连词and连接的复合句，shifting and changing在句中作伴随状语。
【词语点拨】burst into…匆匆进入（某处）；突然开始（某事）；突然进入（某种状态）
The door was suddenly pushed open and he burst into the house.门忽然推开，他闯进了屋来。
Suddenly the leading car in the race burst into sight.突然，比赛中的那辆领先的车出现了。
The plane burst into flames, killing two of the airmen on board.飞机突然起火, 机上的两名飞行员丧生。
【语法点拨】现在分词作状语：
①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car.他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。
My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there.我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。
The child fell，striking his head against the door.小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。
In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。
Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom.因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。
②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that（假设）等。如：
Talking of this film, it’s wonderful.说到这部电影，好极了。
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办?
Judging by the direction of the wind, it won’t rain today.根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。
Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
5、People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship.
【句式翻译】现在的人宁可同居，却不愿在结婚证上签字，因为他们拒绝为这种关系负责。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，because在句中引导原因状语从句，living together， putting their signatures 和to accept都作宾语。
【词语点拨】prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿
Some people like to lie on the beach, but I prefer going/to go sightseeing.有些人喜欢在海滩上躺着,但我喜欢去游览.表示“宁愿……而不愿……”，“喜欢……而不喜欢……”，其基本句型是：
① prefer…to…，主要用于比较两个名词或动名词
I prefer the seaside to the mountains.我喜欢海边，不喜欢山区。
I prefer questioning my pupils to lecturing them.我喜欢少讲课，多提问我的学生。
② prefer…rather than…，主要用于比较两个不定式（后面的不定式通常省略to，但前面的不定式必须带to）
He prefers to read rather than watch television.
他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。
6、In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.
【句式翻译】除了鼓励把阅读当作所有的人的一种追求外，这个项目还允许陌生人在汽车上通过讨论这本书来交流，同时宣传把阅读当作家庭和学校共享的一次体验。
【句式分析】本句是简单句，the program作主语，allows作谓语，strangers作宾语，to communicate…作宾补，encouraging …和discussing…都作介词宾语。
【词语点拨】1)in addition to 除……之外，后接名词或动名词 in addition 此外；还有
In addition to his salary, he has a bonus of 500 yuan per month.除工资外，他每月还有五百元钱奖金。
We need money and time; in addition, we need opportunity.我们需要金钱和时间，此外我还需要机遇。
2）as well as既……又；……和……。as well as连接名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。如：
The child is lively as well as healthy.这孩子既健康又活泼。
We are repairing the roof as well as painting the walls.我们在粉刷墙壁同时也在修理屋顶。
The teacher as well as several students is doing experiments in the lab.老师和几个学生正在实验室做实验。
【语法点拨】
不定式to do做宾补的用法：
①常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise, cause, expect, force, get, order, permit, tell, want, warn, wish, prefer, allow等。如：
The mother permits her son to play computer games twice a week.这个母亲允许儿子一周玩两次电脑游戏。
My teacher told me not to make the same mistake again.老师告诉我不要再犯同样的错误。
②感官动词feel，listen to，hear，see，look at, watch，notice，observe后和使役动词let，make，have后，跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时，要省略不定式符号to。如：
I didn’t observe the man open the door and go out.我没看到那个人打开门出去了。
I saw Lucy hurry to the station just now.刚才我看见露西匆忙去车站了。
He told us a joke, which made us laugh immediately.他给我们讲了一个笑话，让我们立刻笑了。
③在被动语态中，动词不定式在感官动词后作主语补足语时，不定式符号to不省略。如：
The workers are made to work far into the night.工人们被迫干活到深夜。
7、I don’t know what your expectations are of London, but knowing that you’ve never travelled outside of Asia, I thought I’d tell you a bit about what you can expect to find.
【句式翻译】我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但我知道您从未到过亚洲以外的地方旅行，所以，我想告诉你一点关于你期望找到的东西。
【句式分析】本句是有并列连词but连接的复合句,同时包含有四个从句，what your expectations are…，that you’ve never travelled…，I’d tell you和what you can…都是宾语从句；knowing…和to find…在句中分别作主语和宾语。
【词语点拨】expect v.期望；预期
You can’t expect to succeed if you attempt tasks above your ability.如果你要做能力达不到的事，就别指望成功。
The beauties of the West Lake in spring were beyond his expectation.西湖的春景要比他所预想的更加美丽。
【语法点拨】doing可以作主语：
①很多情况下，相当于to do，有时也可用it 作形式主语。常用doing作主语的句型：
It is no good/use doing…做……没用
It is useless doing…做……没用
It is worthwhile doing…做……是值得的
It is useless trying to persuade Miss Li to accept our advice.劝说李小姐接受我们的建议是没有用的。
②如果doing有自己的逻辑主语，doing前可以用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格来修饰。如：
Tom’s/his coming late made the manager very angry.汤姆/他来晚了让经理很生气。
③to do和doing做主语的区别：to do常表示具体的某一动作; doing表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时，多用动名词。如：
Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air.骑自行车是很好的运动; 而且还不污染环境。
8、The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.
【句式翻译】摆脱负面的自我形象的最好办法是意识到你的形象远远不是客观的，同时主动地使你相信自己的积极的品质。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，that your image is…是宾语从句，to get rid of…在句中作定语，to realize… 和to actively convince…是并列成分，作表语。
【词语点拨】1)far from 远离；远非，远远不是
The work he did yesterday is far from perfect.他昨天做的的工作远非十全十美。
Far from relieving my cough, the medicine made it worse.这药非但不镇咳，反而使我咳嗽得更厉害。
2）convince vt. 使信服；常用于以下结构：
①convince sb of sth 使某人相信某事。如：
You need to convince your boss of your ability to do the job.你需要让你的老板相信你有做这份工作的能力。
②convince sb to do 说服某人做某事
It took me a long time to convince him to go with me.我用了很长时间才说服他和我一起去。
③convince sb that从句 使某人相信
I managed to convince my friend that I didn’t mean to hurt him.我设法使朋友相信我不想伤害他。
【语法点拨】
不定式to do作表语：
① 说明主语的具体内容。如：
My only wish is to do something for the public.我唯一的愿望是为公众做些事。
② 表示不可避免将要发生的事。如：
The discovery is to have a great effect on our life.这个发现将对我们的生活产生重大影响。
③不定式作表语，且主语部分有all, what, only或是最高级形容词修饰的名词和实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可省去to。如：
All you need to do now is have a good rest.现在你所需要的是好好休息。
9、In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break.
【句式翻译】诺丁汉城市委员会设立了一个计划，将一学年划分为五学期，并将暑假的时间减少为四周半，这样一来，五个学期均有八周的时间，每个学期之后都有两周的休息时间。
【句式分析】本句是简单句，Nottingham City Council作主语，is seeking作谓语，each followed by a two-week break是独立主格结构，setting out…和to reduce…在句中宾语。
【词语点拨】1) seek vt. & vi.寻找；探索；寻求；
固定短语：seek for 寻找；寻求；seek after寻求
Richard sought to speak to her.理查德寻找机会与她说话。
We sought an answer to the question, but couldn’t find one.我们寻求这个问题的答案，可是没能找到。
Most men seek for wealth; all men seek for happiness.大多数人都追求财富; 但所有的人都希望获得幸福。
One mustn’t only seek after comfort, personal fame and gains.一个人不应当只贪图安逸，追名逐利。
2）balance vt.平衡；权衡 balanced adj.平衡的，均衡的
We have to balance the good points against the bad and then make a decision.我们必须权衡优劣，然后做出决定。
You must learn to keep your balance while skating.溜冰时你得学会保持平衡。
A balanced diet and regular exercise are both important for our health.均衡的饮食和有规律的锻炼对我们的健康很重要。
【语法点拨】
doing作宾语：
①介词后常接doing作宾语，如：
She left the room without saying a word. 她没说什么就离开了房间。
②有些动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语，这类词有：finish, imagine, fancy, insist on, enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help（禁不住）, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, keep, resist, appreciate, put off＝delay, suggest, advise, allow, permit, forbid, ban, prohibit, forgive, excuse, risk, tolerate, recommend, stand, feel like, look forward to, prefer…to…等。如：
He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。
Much as she likes him, she would never consider marrying him.尽管她很喜欢他, 但她并不打算嫁给他。
③begin，start，like，prefer, hate后既可接to do也可接doing作宾语，意思差别不大，如：
He likes playing/to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。
④ stop，try，go on, remember, forget, mean, regret后面用doing或to do 不定式,意思不一样。
stop doing停止做 stop to do停下来开始做
try doing试一试做 try to do尽力做，企图做
go on doing继续做（同一件事） go on to do继续做（不同的事）
remember doing 记着做了 remember to do记着要做
forget doing忘记做了 forget to do忘记要做
mean doing意味着 mean to do打算做
regret doing后悔做了 regret to do遗憾要做
比较：
I forgot teaching the students the words.我忘记了曾教过学生们这些词。（已经教过）
I forgot to teach the students the words.我忘了教学生们这些词。（未教）
10、The console can determine how the controller is moving in space and what it is pointing at, and uses that information to control what is happening on screen.
【结构分析】
1）以逗号后and为切入点，得到主句部分的并列平行结构The console can determine…, and uses that information to control…，uses与can determine一起作该句的谓语。
2）其中determine的宾语也以and切入，得到how引导的名词性从句how the controller is moving in space和what引导的名词性从句what it is pointing at(how在从句中作状语，what在从句中作宾语)；在use的宾语补足语to control…中，control的宾语使用了what引导的名词性从句what is happening on screen充当，what在从句中作主语。
【参考译文】
游戏机能测出手柄的移动轨迹，识别手柄指着屏幕上的什么东西，然后根据得到的信息控制屏幕上的游戏。
11、Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study.
【结构分析】
本句是主系表结构。主语Women后是定语从句 who live in areas of high air pollution，关系代词who在从句中代替women作主语，系表部分are at increased risk of heart disease and death被分词结构(表被动)作的后置定语exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires分隔，由于定语部分较长，在翻译时我们可以译为并列结构；句子末尾的according to a study作全句的状语。
【参考译文】
一项研究表明，生活在严重空气污染地区的女性，暴露在车辆尾气、燃煤发电厂、森林火灾所产生和排放的无形的微小颗粒中，越来越容易患心脏病，甚至会因此直接导致死亡。
12、On the face of it, that doesn’t seem especially surprising: we feel strong emotion at important events, which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments.
【结构分析】
1）这是典型的冒号前为主句，冒号后作解释说明的实例。
2）句首部分On the face of it为全句的状语，主句部分为that doesn’t seem especially surprising，这里seem采用了系动词的用法。注意形容词surprising指物的-ing使用。
3）冒号后we feel strong emotion at important events是对主句的解释说明，非限制性定语从句which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments使用了比较结构，关系代词which在从句中作主语。
4）注意which后的be动词使用了复数形式are，联系上文，我们不难判断出它指代 important events。
【参考译文】
乍看起来，那似乎不会使我们特别吃惊：在重大事件上我们会感到强烈的感情冲击——重大事件显然比平常日子让人记忆深刻。
13、Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too.
【结构分析】
本句不难，逗号前为主句Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs,使用了too…to…结构，句末的现在分词结构outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too作伴随状语，进一步补充说明reduce costs的具体内容。
【参考译文】
有些大的制造商和服务供应商热衷于降低成本，不仅把非核心业务外包，而且连核心业务也不放过。
14、Davies says guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use.
【结构分析】
1）主句谓语says后是省略了that的宾语从句guidance must strike a balance between being flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplines and providing enough detail to be of use。
2）注意两个between的使用。
3）第一个between与后面的and 相连，构成being flexible enough to…and providing enough detail to…结构，第二个between后跟disciplines表示“各学科之间”，并且前后都使用了be enough to do的形式。
【参考译文】
戴维斯说，指导规范必须在足够灵活考虑各学科的不同点和提供充足的可操作的细节之间寻求一种平衡。
15、If I ever had any doubts about how demanding a teacher’s job is, it would have disappeared for good when I spent some time recently in schools.
【结构分析】
1）本句的结构清晰，为主从复合句。
2）it would have disappeared for good when I spent some time recently in schools为主句部分，其中包含一个when引导的时间状语从句when I spent some time recently in schools。
3）If引导的条件状语从句中，had any doubts about后的宾语由how引导的名词性从句how demanding a teacher’s job is充当，how与形容词demanding相连作从句的表语。
4）注意整个句子使用了与过去相反的虚拟语气，从句为if had done，主句为would/could/should/might have done的形式。
【参考译文】
如果说我以前还曾怀疑教师的工作有多吃力，那么当我最近在学校中待了一段时间后，我永远改变了原来的想法。
