非谓语的三种形式（to do, doing, done）中，to do 表目的和动作将要发生，有6种成分；doing 表主动和动作正在进行，有7种成分；done 表被动和动作已发生，有4种成分。
一、作表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
Note:过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
彩蛋：作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
二、作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词，表被动和表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2.过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
三、作状语 （考点）
1.done(过去分词作)状语：表示被动和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
Note: written 为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语是主句的主语this article，是被动关系。
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
Note: 英语中有些词，如 lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 虽然是done 的形式，但是不是表被动，而是表人的某种状态。（必须记住）
2.独立结构：如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. done(过去分词作)状语相当于状语从句. （常考点）
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了.
(caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 相当于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. ）
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词 过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. done(过去分词作)状语的位置:可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
四、当过去分词作为宾语补足语 (考点）
(一)能够接done(过去分词)作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.
(2)He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. （重点考点）
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如：
(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。
(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。
4. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如：
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
练一练吧1.John rushed out in a hurry, ___ the door ____.
A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlocking
C. left; unlocked D. to leave; unlocking
2. Before she came to England ,she had never heard a single English word __ __.
A. speaking B. spoken
C. to speak D. speak
3.You must get the work _ ___ before Friday.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. done
4._ _ the room, the nurse found the tape recorder ___.
A.Entering;stealing
B. Entering; gone
C. To have entered; being stolen
D. Having entered; to be stolen
5.We are pleased to see the problem _ __ so quickly.
A. settled B. having been settled
C. be settled D. settling
6. The ____ professor found the matter __.
A. surprising, surprised B. surprised, surprised
C. surprised, surprising D. surprising, surprising
7.When first _ __ to the market , these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
8. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents__ _______.
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
9. I like reading the novels ______ (write ) by Zhang Ailing.
10. The girl ______ (write) a letter in the study is my cousin.
11.There is something wrong with my car and I have to get it __________ (repair).
12. When _________(start) a conversation, one can never ask such questions as these: How old are you? What’s your salary? Where did you buy your new dress?
13.________（give）more attention, the work would have been done better.
14.I want the doors of my new house ______ (paint) white.
15. There was a ________ (surprise) look on his face.
16. He was ______ (excite) at the good news.
17. The story was so ______ (move) that he was ______ (move) to tears.
18. When _________ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you” or “It’s kind of you”.
19. Did you attend the meeting _____yesterday?
A. to be held B. having been held
C. held D. being held
20.Do you know the name of the play___ in the hall now?
A. to be put on B. being put on
C. put on D. putting on
