1.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
【答案】have made
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。
2.（2018·北京卷·单项填空）China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9,000公里增长到25,000公里。该句时间状语为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。B选项正确。
3. In the last few years, China __________ great achievements in environmental protection.
A. has made B. had made C. was making D.is making
【答案】A
【解析】句意：在过去的这些年里，中国在环境保护中取得了很大的成就。由时间状语in the last few years可推知动作从过去一段时间持续到现在并对现在造成影响，用现在完成时。故选A。
02
过去完成时
1. 基本结构：
肯定句：主语 had 过去分词 其他.
否定句：主语 had not 过去分词 其他.
一般疑问句：Had 主语 过去分词 其他?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组 一般疑问句（Had 主语 过去分词 其他）？
2. 基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即＂过去的过去＂。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的从句。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner... than...，It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
3. 过去完成时的语法判定
（1）由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
①by 过去的时间点
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
②by the end of 过去的时间点
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
③before 过去的时间点
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
（2）由＂过去的过去＂来判定
过去完成时表示＂过去的过去＂，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
①宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。如told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said that she had seen the film before.
②状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before，after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
③表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示＂原本……，未能……＂。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
（3）根据上、下文来判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
【巧学妙记】
过去完成时记忆口诀
Had 加上＂过去分＂，构成过去完成时。
过去完成的意义，也表＂完成＂或＂延续＂。
若有主、从两个句，先后动作分别叙。
哪个在先哪＂完成＂，哪个在后哪＂过去＂。
1.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）I __________ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't manage it.
A. had hopedB. am hoping
C. have hopedD. would hope
【答案】A
【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我本来计划在Peter结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做到。第二个分句中“couldn’t”用的是一般过去时，它之前的动作用过去完成时。故选A。
2. （2018·天津卷·单项填空） If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用had v-ed。故选A。
3.（2017·北京卷·单项填空）In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented
C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
【答案】D
【解析】句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除A和C，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，排除B，故选D，过去完成时的被动语态。
03
将来完成时
1. 将来完成时的构成：＂will/shall have 过去分词＂。
Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大学生活之后我能变成熟。
Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 仅短短 5 年时间后，你的钱就会增多 94,000 美元。
He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday. 他会为昨天公布的电话民意调查结果感到鼓舞。
2. 将来完成的用法
（1）表示＂将来完成＂：即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。
When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已经上班去了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我预料到明天你就会改变主意了。
（2）表示＂持续＂：即表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。
We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩就结婚满1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我就已经为该公司工作24年了。
（3）表示＂推测：即表示根据某情况作出的推测。
That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 准是罗兰。他说他7点钟回来。
There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定会有结果。
1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will installB. will have been installed
C. are installedD. have been installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选B。
2.It’s reported that by the end of the month, the output of cement in the factory___________by about 10%.
A. will have risenB. will be rising
C. has risenD. has been rising
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。由时间状语"by the end of the month"可知此处表示在将来某时已经完成的动作，因此用将来完成时。
3.You needn’t hurry her. It___________by her by the time you are ready.
A.will have been finishingB.has finished
C.will have been finishedD.will be finished
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态和语态。"by the time you are ready"表示将来的某个时间，此处表示将来完成的动作，故应使用将来完成时，根据句意，事情应该被完成，所以C项正确。
