在前面一篇文章（坐标语法）里讲到，英语词类可以分为不变词（介词，冠词，连词与感叹词）与变态词（名词，代词，形容词，副词，动词，数词）。对于不变词，我们主要是掌握其用法，对于变态词主要是掌握其变法。
一.介词的用法：
介词是一种没有形态变化，不能单独使用，介于动词与名词，名词与名词之间或名词之前的一种虚词。介词不能单独使用，必须带上宾语构成介词短语，或依附在不及物动词后面使用。英语不及物动词不能直接带宾语，必须加上适当的介词才能带宾语。介词短语可以在句子中充当状语，定语，表语和宾语补语。介词的具体用法如下：
| 介词位置 | 语法功能 | 例词、例句 |
| 位于动词之后 | 使不及物动词能带宾语 | listen to , look at , wait for , knock at , worry about , talk with / about , work on , dream about , depend on, 等。 |
| 位于动词之后 | 介词依附在及物或不及物动词后，构成固定短语 | look after照看 look for 寻找look up 查找look through 浏览hear from 收到来信think of 想起ask for 索要try on 试穿try out 试用send for 派人去请lead to 导致laugh at 嘲笑give in 屈服turn off/on 关\开（电器）stand for 代表break into 闯入hand in 上交work out算出 take off 脱掉，起飞等。 |
| 位于形容词之后 | 系表结构中，后面的形容词加上一定的介词构成句型 | be good at 擅长于 be good /bad for 对…有好/坏处be famous for 因…面闻名be proud of 对…感到骄傲be difficult for对…有困难 be strict with 对…严格 be wrong with出毛病 be late for迟到 be interested in对…感兴趣 |
| 位于名词之前 | 介词位于表时间的名词前，构成短语做时间状语 | at ,in ,on, for ,during ,since ,before ,after ,by, from, until ,within 等。 |
| 位于名词之前 | 介词位于表方位的名词前，构成短语做地点状语 | in ,at ,on ,under ,over ,above ,below, into, through, cross ,between, along, beside, behind from等。 |
| 位于名词之前 | 介词位于名词前，构成短语作状语，表示比较、方式关系 | in,by, with ,than, as ,like,at等。 |
| 位于名词之前 | 介词位于名词前，构成短语作状语，表示原因、条件关系 | for, becaus of ,with ,without, besides, except等。 |
| 位于名词之前 | 介词位于名词前，构成固定短语 | by the way 顺便on time 准时in time 及时in fact 事实上door to door挨家挨户 |
| 位于名词之间 | 介词位于名词之间，构成短语作定语 | The man with glasses over there is my bother.那边带眼镜那个男的是我的兄弟。 |
二：介词短语与短语介词
介词短语与短语介词是两个不同的概念，介词短语的词性为介词，在句子中不能单独使用，而短语介词是由介词加上宾语构成，其词性相当于形容词或副词。中学介词短语与短语介词归纳如下：
1.短语介词归纳：
1. according to 根据 2. because of 由于
3. in spite of 尽管 4．next to 紧邻; 在…近旁; 仅次于
5. in front of 在…前面 6. ahead of在…之前
7. on behalf of 代表 8. with reference to 关于,参照
9. but for 要不是 10. apart from 除了,（除…以外尚有）
11. except for (不同类中的)除此以外 12. as for至于；就…方面说来
13. in regard to 关于；对于 14. in terms of根据; 以…为单位
15. instead of 而不是；反而 16. nothing but 仅仅；只不过
17. more than 超过; 不只是 18. other than 不同于
19. all over 遍及 20. out of . 出于；出自
21. such as 比如 22. thanks to幸亏； 由于
23. due to 由于；因…造成 24. up to 达到；多达
25. in need of 需要；缺少 26. in favor of赞同; 支持
27. in charge of 主管；负责 28. in honor of为庆祝；为纪念
29. by means of 依靠; 借助于 30. for fear of以免；以防
31. in search of 搜索; 为了寻找 32. in touch with与…保持联络
33. regardless of 不顾 34.as far as 远至,到...程度
35. as for 至于;关于 35. far from 远非;远离
36. fond of喜欢 37. in accordance with 与...一致,按照
38. in addition to 除...之外(还) 39. in case of 假如,防备
40. in line with 与...一致 41. in place of 代替,取代,交换
42. in return for 作为对...报答 43. in step with 与...一致/协调
44. in the course of 在...期间/过程中 45. in the event of 如果...发生,万一
46. on the point of 即将...的时刻 47. opposite to在对面
48. short of缺少 49. as far as 远至,到...程度
50. as well as 和……一样 51. as good as 和...几乎一样
52. for the sake of 为了,为了...的利益
2.介词短语归纳：
1. as a matter of fact 实际上 2. as a result(of) 因此,由于
3. as a rule 通常,照例 4. as far as 就...而言
5. as follows 如下 6. as usual 像平常一样,照例
7. as well 同样,也,还 8. at a loss 茫然,不知所措
9. at a time 一次,每次 10. at all costs 不惜一切代价
11. at all events 不管怎样,无论如何 12. at all times 随时,总是
13. at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 14. at any rate 无论如何,至少
15. at best 充其量,至多 16. at first sight 乍一看,初看起来
17. at first 最初,起先 18. at hand 在手边,在附近
19. at home 在家,在国内 20. at intervals 不时,每隔...
21. at large 大多数,未被捕获的 22. at last 终于
23. at least 至少 24 at length 最终,终于
25. at most 至多,不超过 26. at no time 从不,决不
27 at one time 曾经,一度;同时 28. at present 目前,现在
29. at someone's disposal 任...处理 30. at the cost of 以...为代价
31. at the mercy of 任凭...摆布 32. at the moment 此刻,目前
33. at this rate 照此速度 34. at times 有时,间或
35. beside point 离题的,不相* 36. beyond one's ability超越某人的能力
37. beyond question 毫无疑问 38. by accident 偶然
39. by all means 尽一切办法,务必 40. by chance 偶然,碰巧
41. by far 最,...得多 42. by hand 用手,用体力
43. by oneself 自动地,独自地 44. by means of 用,依靠
45. by mistake 错误地,无意地 46. by no means 决不,并没有
47. by the way 顺便说说 48. for good 永久地
49. for the better 好转 50. for the moment 暂时,目前
51. for the time being 暂时,眼下 52. in a hurry 匆忙,急于
53. in a moment 立刻,一会儿 54. in a sense 从某种意义上说
55. in a way 在某种程度上 56. in a word 简言之,总之
57. in addition 另外,加之 58. in advance 预先,事先
59. in all 总共,合计 60. in any case 无论如何
61. in brief 简单地说 62.in common 共用的,共有的
63. in debt 欠债,欠情 64. in detail 详细地
65. in general 一般来说,大体上 66. in hand 在进行中,待办理
67. in no case 决不 68. in no time 立即,马上
69. in no way 决不 70. in order 按顺序,按次序
71. in other words 换句话说 72. in particular 特别,尤其
73. in person 亲自,本人 74.in place 在合适的位置,就位
75. in public 公开地,当众 76. in return 作为报答/回报/交换
77. in short 简言之,总之 78. in sight 被见到;在望
79. in tears 流着泪,在哭着 80.in the distance 在远处
81. in the end 最后,终于 82.in the least 丝毫,一点
83. in the long run 长期 84. in the way 挡道
85. in time 及时 86. in turn 依次,轮流;转而
87. in vain 徒劳,白费力 88.off duty 下班
89. on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 90. on board 在船(车/飞机)上
91. on business 因公 92. on duty 上班,值班
93. on earth 究竟,到底 94. on fire 起火着火
95. on foot 步行 96. on one's own 独立,独自
97. on purpose 故意地 98. on sale 出售,廉价出售
99. on second thoughts 经重新考虑 100. on the contrary 正相反
101. on the spot 在场;马上 102. on the whole 总的来说,大体上
103. on time 准时 104. on(an/the) average 平均,通常
105.out of breath 喘不过气来 106. out of control 失去控制
107. out of date 过时的 108. out of order 出故障的
109. out of place 不适当的 110. out of sight 看不见,在视野外
111. out of the question 毫无可能的
三.介词考考你(用适当的介词填空)
1. There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldn’t get ________ .
2. Careless driving often brings ________ an accident.
3. ________ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man.
4. The girl danced ________ the music of Paul Mallrat’s band.
5. This song is familiar ________ all the students.
6. He rent a house ________ the year.
7. We know nothing about him ________ that his son joined in the army.
8. One ________ five will have the chance to join in the game.
9. It was a real race ________ time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.
10. A serious study of physics is impossible ________ some knowledge of mathematics.
11.The Smiths are praised _______ the way they bring up their children.
12.An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered ______ chance a long lost antique Greek vase.
13.Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library ______ a book.
14.I have an appointment_______ Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.
15. The monkey the tree was eating the bananas the tree.
16. You can go there my car.
17. Tom! You are wanted the phone.
18. As you can see, the bridge is made stone.
19. He suddenly returned a rainy night.
20. I’m sorry; I took your umbrella mistake.
21. You look pale. What’s wrong you?
22. This village is well-known its beautiful sights.
23. If you find my book, please call me ______ 31397671.
24. Betty only watches football ___________ TV.
25. Ann is my good friend. She often helps me ________ math.
26. Miss Gao is very strict ________ her students ________ their studies.
27. The girl ______ the purple coat is his sister.
28. You’d better take a raincoat ____you.
29. He has lived here ___ 1965.
30. When we see stars twinkling in the sky at night we may wonder that ___ so many starts in the universe there is life out there in space.
31. Her parents went away ___ business, so she had to stay at home alone.
32. Don’t waste water. Water is very important and no one can live __________it.
33. Bill has made great progress ______ the help of his teachers.
34. They were astonished _____ the news of his escape from prison.
35. He was absorbed ____ a book and didn’t hear your repeated call.
36. The dying man is _____ the help of the doctor.
37. I called _____ you last night, but you were out.
38. Can you say _____ certain when he will come here?
39. The boy is curious _____ everything. I am sure he is very clever.
40. Our national scenery Zhangjiajie is so charming that it is _____ description.
41. The struggle against sand storm will not end _____ victory unless we pay much attention to the balance of nature.
42. In order to finish the work in time，they always worked far______ the night.
43. When we heard the news that our team has won more than 30 gold medals Athena Olympic Games, we sang and danced _____ joy.
44. It is reported that the thirty-ninth president of America Jimmy Carter has won the Nobel Prize _____ peace in the year of 2002.
45. When he was in America, he made a journey of seven hundred miles _____ purpose to get a glimpse of the Niagara Falls.
