第四课时 非谓语动词
[感 悟 高 考]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．I was the first Western TV reporter ________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016·全国Ⅰ，66)
2．My ambassadorial duties will include ________ (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.(2016·全国Ⅰ，67)
3．If you find something you love doing outside of the office，you'll be less likely ________ (bring) your work home.(2016·全国Ⅱ，49)
4．Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________ (create)special designs.(2016·全国Ⅲ，43)
5．People probably cooked their food in large pots, ________ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.(2016·全国Ⅲ，44)
6．I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.(2016·全国Ⅲ，短文改错)
答案 1.permitted 2.introducing 3.to bring 4.to create 5.using 6.wear→wearing
[考 点 清 单]
考点一 非谓语动词作状语
规则❶ 不定式作状语作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
To make himself heard，he raised his voice.
为了让自己被人听到，他提高了声音。
规则❷ 不定式作状语作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。
We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。
规则❸ 形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
规则❹ 作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。
Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
规则❺ 若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。
Having lived in New York for years，I know each part of it very well.
由于住在纽约多年，我对这里的每一处都很熟悉。
规则❻ 若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose，the little boy began to cry.
因为被那个大孩子打在了鼻子上，那个小孩开始大哭。
规则❼ 如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。
Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。
规则❽ 如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。
考点二 非谓语动词作宾语
规则❶ 下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，manage，care，pretend；offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help。
此外afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
They have agreed to give me another chance.
他们已经答应给我另外一次机会。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时，她假装没看见我。
规则❷ 下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/put off，fancy (想象，设想)；avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice；deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate；forbid，imagine，risk；can't help (禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape。
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。
My mother couldn't help smiling when she heard the good news.听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
规则❸ 下列短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语
be used/accustomed to，lead to，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to，pay attention to，can't stand (无法忍受)，give up，feel like，insist on，be busy (in)，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，spend time (in)，look forward to等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。
We are looking forward to coming to China.
我们期待着来中国。
Parents should pay more attention to the cases where their children have difficulty (in) adapting to new surroundings.
当孩子们对新环境不适应时，父母们应多加关注。
规则❹ 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语：
forget
regret
try
go on
remember
mean
What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。
可以按下面的口诀记住上述动词：
“四记”“力争”不“后悔”。四“记”指“记得、记住(remember)”；“忘记(forget)”；“计划、打算(mean)”；“继续(go on)”；“力争”指“try”；“后悔”指regret。
考点三 非谓语动词作宾补
规则❶ 感官动词(词组)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾十分高兴。
规则❷ 使役动词make，let，have，get后加复合宾语的情况：
(1)make＋宾语＋
The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到他。
(2)let＋宾语＋
Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.
让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。
I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。
考点四 非谓语动词作定语
规则❶ 现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
The park was full of people，enjoying themselves in the sunshine.公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。
规则❷ 过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。
Tsinghua University，founded in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。
规则❸ 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
考点五 非谓语动词作主语和表语
规则❶ 不定式、动名词都可作主语，通常可以用it来作形式主语。但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。
Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth.
吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。
It's necessary to hold another meeting to discuss the issue again.有必要再举行一次会议来讨论这个问题。
规则❷ 动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征；不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
Your task today is to wash the curtains.
你今天的任务是洗窗帘。
规则❸ 下列句型中常用动名词作主语：
(1)It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth.
It's no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。
(2)There is/was no sense/no point (in) doing sth.
There is no sense (in) worrying about it now.
现在大可不必为那件事忧虑。
考点六 with复合结构和独立主格结构
规则❶ with复合结构的构成及意义
with
With so many people looking at him，he felt very nervous.
那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。
She had to walk home with her bike stolen.
自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。
The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。
规则❷ 独立主格结构的构成及其含义
名词或代词＋
The boy leading the way，we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
So many children to support，they both have to work full time.有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。
Many trees，flowers，and grass to be planted，our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
The meeting over，our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
There being no bus，we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
考点七 非谓语动词的时态和语态
规则❶ 动词不定式的时态和语态
形式 | 意义 | 构成 | |
主动语态 | 被动语态 | ||
一般式 | 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 | to do | to be done |
进行式 | 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 | to be doing | — |
完成式 | 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 | to have done | to have been done |
完成 进行式 | 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 | to have been doing | — |
The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.当老师进来的时候，那个男孩假装正在努力学习。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天要举行的会议很重要。
规则❷ 动名词和现在分词的时态和语态
形式 | 意义 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般式 | 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 | doing | being done |
完成式 | 先于谓语动词的动作完成 | having done | having been done |
I still remember being sent to school for the first time.
我仍记得第一次被送到学校上学的情景。
Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
Having finished the letter，he folded it and put it into the envelope.写完信后，他把信折起来装进了信封。
考点八 非谓语动词的主动语态表示被动意义
规则❶ 在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，句子的主语和不定式之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，difficult，important，interesting，pleasant，comfortable，dangerous等。
How did the accident happen was difficult to find out because there were few people on the street at that time.很难查明这起事故是如何发生的，因为那时街上几乎没人。
The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子坐上去很舒服。
规则❷ 动词need，want，require作“需要”讲时，后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动结构；be worth后也用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
The figures need to be checked/checking again before we draw a conclusion.
在我们得出结论前，这些数据需要再检查一遍。
[正 误 探 究]
1．【误】Being__an__orphan，the nurse treated him kindly.
【正】He__being__an__orphan，the nurse treated him kindly.
【探究】分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
2．【误】The window is opened．The door is locked．
【正】The window is open．The door is locked．
【探究】有相应的形容词能说明状态时，则不用分词，而用形容词。open可兼作动词与形容词，都当开、开着的讲，所以只能用它的形容词，而不能用它的分词。而锁着的lock不能作形容词，所以只能用它的过去分词。
3．【误】Having__been__permitted，he would have succeeded in doing that.
【正】Permitted，he would have succeeded in doing that.
【探究】过去分词作状语如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词即可。
[易 错 防 范]
易错点1 非谓语动词的逻辑主语分析不清
At the beginning of class，the noise of desks ________(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.
误填 opened and closed
答案 being opened and closed [本题考查动名词的逻辑主语的应用。由句子结构可知，名词desks为opened and closed的逻辑主语，介词of后应接动词-ing形式。桌子应该被开关。]
【点拨】动名词的逻辑主语是执行动名词这个动作的人或物。动名词的逻辑主语可以由形容词性物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词及名词所有格等充当，这时带有逻辑主语的动名词结构常被称为动名词的复合结构。本题中的名词desks充当动名词结构being opened and closed的逻辑主语。
易错点2 谓语与非谓语混淆不清
Before you quit your job，________ (consider) how your family would feel about your decision.
误填 considering
答案 consider [前面是before引导的时间状语从句，故后面是主句。分析题干可知主句是省略了主语you的祈使句。]
【点拨】做此类题的关键是判断考点，先弄清是谓语还是非谓语。英语一句话中一般只有一个谓语动词。若有两个或两个以上的动词且有连词连接，则必须用谓语形式；若无连词连接，则必须用非谓语形式。
易错点3 非谓语动词中的语态问题
—Do you have anything more ________(type)，sir?
—No.You can have a rest or do something else.
误填 to type
答案 to be typed [句意：——先生，你还有什么东西需要打印吗？——没有了，你可以休息一下或做点其他事情。]
【点拨】此题考查不定式作后置定语，但其中又包含了语态问题，考生需注意动作的逻辑主语不是该句主语。
易错点4 独立主格结构
His lecture ________(give)，a lively question-and-answer session followed.
误填 was given
答案 having been given [本句状语有其独立的主语lecture，根据时间先后顺序判断“演讲”已结束，故选择现在分词的完成形式。句意：他的演讲结束后，将是一个现场问答部分。]
【点拨】独立主格结构是非谓语动词中的一种特殊形式，它与非谓语动词直接作状语的最大区别就是其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，所以做题时一定要先判断逻辑主语。
[针 对 训 练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ (hide)within the work.
2．________ (make) it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
3．________ (order) over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
4．Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
5．To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study ________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.
6．I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do ________ (work) with students.
7．The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，________ (make)air conditioning unnecessary.
8．Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
9．The adobe dwellings (土坯房) ________ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
10．When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ________ (cool) the house during the hot day.
答案 1.hidden 2.To make 3.Ordered 4.turning 5.conducted 6.working 7.making 8.living 9.built 10．to cool
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句仅1处错误)
1．A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.
2．After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around and found his parents were missing.
3．My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!
4．We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.
5．I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.
6．Although we've been delighted to have you as neighbors，we're hoping to settle something that bothers to us.In a word，your dog—Cleo.
7．It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she's outside.
8．Stay close to your teacher and classmates.Don't panic or get out of line，and trying to remain quiet and calm.
9．My father took me out camping for the first time when I was seven.He wanted teach me about animals，insects and trees.
10．None of the arrows hit the target.Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain!
答案 1.telling→told 2.looks→looking 3.enjoy→enjoying 4.sing→singing 5.sit→sitting 6.去掉bothers后的to 7.understanding→understand 8.trying→try 9.wanted后加to 10.去掉第二个were或looked
Ⅲ.语篇填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
Buying books on the Internet is a great way __1__(save) time and money.Online bookstores offer new books
and __2__(use) books that can save you a lot of money.What's more，they are far better __3__(compare) to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books.You can either click the kind of e-books online or type the book title and get it in seconds.Another advantage of __4__(shop) online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth __5__(buy)．Online bookstores offer great discounts，which is a big attraction for book lovers.
For book lovers，it is most important __6__(get) books in time.Therefore，you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able to provide fast deliveries.
Here are some tips to use when __7__(select) an online bookstore.Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books；some are for non-fiction books or novels，etc.__8__(understand) their specialization will help you to get the right kinds of books in time.Check whether you __9__ (buy) the books from a third-party seller or directly from the websites.Never jump at stores that offer super cheap prices，as books__10__(sell) at such low price could be in very bad condition.
答案 1.to save 2.used 3.compared 4.shopping 5.buying 6.to get 7.selecting 8.Understanding 9．will be buying 10.sold
