会计学是一门科学还是艺术,会计和会计学有区别吗

首页 > 教育 > 作者:YD1662024-04-22 23:55:43

大家也来学学老先生怎样既说人话,又说内行话,通过大实话来骂人不带脏话。

Shareholders should understand that companies incur costs when they deliver something of value to another party and not just when cash changes hands. Moreover, it is both silly and cynical to say that an important item of cost should not be recognized simply because it can't be quantified with pinpoint precision. Right now, accounting abounds with imprecision. After all, no manager or auditor knows how long a 747 is going to last, which means he also does not know what the yearly depreciation charge for the plane should be. No one knows with any certainty what a bank's annual loan loss charge ought to be. And the estimates of losses that property-casualty companies make are notoriously inaccurate.

会计说到底不是科学,准确性是一个相对概念,谁说让你因噎废食了!

Does this mean that these important items of cost should be ignored simply because they can't be quantified with absolute accuracy? Of course not. Rather, these costs should be estimated by honest and experienced people and then recorded. When you get right down to it, what other item of major but hard-to-precisely-calculate cost - other, that is, than stock options - does the accounting profession say should be ignored in the calculation of earnings?

同上。你们说没法准确计量的就不入账了,那好不如我们坐下来聊聊,下一步准备把哪个成本从利润表里踢出去?

Moreover, options are just not that difficult to value. Admittedly, the difficulty is increased by the fact that the options given to executives are restricted in various ways. These restrictions affect value. They do not, however, eliminate it. In fact, since I'm in the mood for offers, I'll make one to any executive who is granted a restricted option, even though it may be out of the money: On the day of issue, Berkshire will pay him or her a substantial sum for the right to any future gain he or she realizes on the option. So if you find a CEO who says his newly-issued options have little or no value, tell him to try us out. In truth, we have far more confidence in our ability to determine an appropriate price to pay for an option than we have in our ability to determine the proper depreciation rate for our corporate jet.

既然你们都承认数学是体育老师教的了,那今天赶上我心情好,就帮你们一把:哪个CEO敢说自己刚拿到股票期权不值钱的尽管来Berkshire找我,我们立马把这些废铜烂铁都给收了。

It seems to me that the realities of stock options can be summarized quite simply: If options aren't a form of compensation, what are they? If compensation isn't an expense, what is it? And, if expenses shouldn't go into the calculation of earnings, where in the world should they go?

一句话,能别再睁着眼睛说瞎话了吗!不计费用计什么?费用不进利润表…那利润表是不是该改名了?

The accounting profession and the SEC should be shamed by the fact that they have long let themselves be muscled by business executives on the option-accounting issue. Additionally, the lobbying that executives engage in may have an unfortunate by-product: In my opinion, the business elite risks losing its credibility on issues of significance to society - about which it may have much of value to say - when it advocates the incredible on issues of significance to itself.

SEC和会计砖家们呐,你们要是这么做事不地道,任由那些公司游说牵着鼻子走,那将来出去混还带脸不带?

毕竟,要坚持说瞎话不容易,那些委员会成员虽然承受压力,但毕竟都是尽忠职守的会计界的节操代言人。所以,该改革的还是要继续进行。1993年,FASB颁布了FAS 123征求意见稿,要求股票期权估值计入费用。

看似,费用化是大势所趋了。

但这时商界通过游说,在政界找到了同盟。

会计学是一门科学还是艺术,会计和会计学有区别吗(5)

三、国会游说

拥有法律赋予的制定会计准则的权力机构虽然是SEC,但具体准则基本上由FASB(位于Norwalk, Connecticut)这样的民间非营利独立机构制定。

1994年FASB在Connecticut和硅谷就股票期权问题进行公开听证,上千高科技企业员工现场抗议。

这时,民主党Connecticut参议员Joe Lieberman提出了Accounting Standards Reform Act of 1994,不但要阻止股票期权会计改革,而是要直接把FASB制定会计准则的独立性也给一锅端了。

国会议员们敢公然干涉会计准则制定的独立性吗?明面上当然没有敢这么说。所以当时给出了堂而皇之的理由,正是公司高管们喜欢宣扬的那套:

SBC好处大大滴,它提供了对员工非常有效的激励手段。改变股票期权的会计处理会影响高科技公司在资本市场融资,最终影响公司发展,更严重的是导致工作流失,云云。如此恶劣的经济后果,政府不能不管!

参议院投票88-9的无约束力决议,敦促FASB放弃费用化的提议。

商界十分强势的游说加上国会的压力,当时Dennis R.Beresford领导下的FASB只能让步了。

会计学是一门科学还是艺术,会计和会计学有区别吗(6)

四、初步妥协 — SFAS No. 123 (1995)

由于反对方势力庞大,FASB做出了妥协,准许公司在两种会计处理方法中自行选择:

1、公司可以继续使用内在价值方法。换言之费用成本依旧很少确认。2、在授予日将股票期权的公允价值作为费用确认。其中的公允价值是用标准期权定价模型做调整计算得到的。

很显然,这种折衷主义是一种政治妥协的结果。虽然FASB成员一致认定公司授予股票期权是一种薪酬成本,但在SFAS No. 123中依旧允许内在价值法,延续基本不确认费用的惯例。

因此,即便FASB鼓励公司采用第二种公允价值法,但显然管理层会利用会计选择的自由我行我素,继续免费的午餐。

当然FASB也不傻,妥协之余留了一手 — 那些继续采用第一种方法的公司,被要求在报表附注中作出披露,提供“假设”采用第二种方法下的利润表结果。

这下,股权薪酬让人乍舌的巨额成本就公之于众了。

比如,2002年思科(Cisco)的净利润为18.93亿(EPS $0.26)。但这是管理层选择第一种方法下的财务结果。假设采用第二种方法确认,公司EPS会降到$0.05,缩水81%,整整15.2亿美元的利润影响!

FASB用和稀泥的办法打完圆场,松了口气。

好了,你们不想计费用的可以不计,想看利润影响的去查附注自己调表去吧。

那…这事能过去了吗?

会计学是一门科学还是艺术,会计和会计学有区别吗(7)

五、风波又起

话说在会计界,相对于Rule-based的US GAAP,还有Principle-based的IFRS国际财务报告准则。随着资本市场的发展,整天你要来我家融资,我要去你家投资的,会计语言不一样,财务数字不可比,总是不太方便的。

于是,两家就有了想要携手共创未来、全天下会计是一家的美(tian)好(zhen)想法。

2002年10月,FASB和IASB(国际会计准则理事会)签署了理解备忘录,承诺携手展开会计准则的趋同。

这样一来,FASB和IASB不说要亦步亦趋,至少要一唱一和吧。

2002年11月,IASB颁布征求意见稿,要求强制按公允价值法确认薪酬股权成本。原本想以SFAS No. 123息事宁人的FASB,无奈地只能呼应IASB的立场。2002年12月,公布FASB 148 Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation — Transition and Disclosure.2003年4月,FASB作出初步决定要求所有公司按照授予日公允价值费用化股票期权。

这样一来,美国大多数选择内在价值法的公司不是只得放弃保护壳,股票期权的巨额成本也要在利润表上就此现形了。

关键时刻,美国国会前来救场的效率相当让人赞叹:

2003年3月底,加州一名共和党议员及一名民主党议员同时提出一项议案Broad-Based Stock Option Plan Transparency Act of 2003。

这个议案乍一看没毛病,名字也非常具有欺骗性。Transparency Act,透明度法案,朗朗乾坤近在咫尺。

确实,若法案通过,公司将增强员工股票期权的披露信息。具体披露哪些、怎么披露、可谓清清楚楚洋洋洒洒一大篇,看得风云君都快晃神了,赶紧掏出六味地黄丸嚼两粒。

直到最后两个section,才有种图穷匕见的感觉。

Prohibits the Commission, between enactment of this Act and submission of such report, from recognizing as generally accepted accounting principles any new accounting standards regarding the treatment of stock options.

具体来说,SEC要进行为期3年的研究来评估以上股票期权相关的披露要求的有效性及影响力,作出报告提交国会。在此期间,禁止SEC认可任何新的股票期权会计准则。

这下这个所谓“透明度法案”的真实用意就显露出来了:明着,是要加强信息披露;实质,是要拖延SBC的会计改革。

IASB自然对这一法案严重反对,表示这种政治手段干预会最终导致会计准则失去一致性、连贯性和可靠性。

此时FASB的主席Robert Herz也在2003年6月的听证会上警告说,这会是一个非常危险的先例,会开启国会对会计准则制定独立性的干涉。

会计学是一门科学还是艺术,会计和会计学有区别吗(8)

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