在英语学习过程中,which和as引导的从句是一个很难掌握的语法点。特别是which在引导名词从句和定语从句时和that的区别,引导非限制定语从句时和as的区别,以及as引导状语从句时和when,while,though等的区别。本文就which和as引导的从句用法作了系统的总结,并通过大量的例句进行比较、分析及说明,以方便大家的日常学习和英语研究。
一、which引导名词从句的用法比较
which作为连接代词,可以引导名词从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语等语法成分。that在引导名词从句时,只起连接主句和从句的作用,其本身没有任何含义,不翻译。例如:
(1)Which is better depends on these two clothes’ quality.
哪个更好取决于这两件衣服的质量。
(2)That Tony can’t swim is unbelievable.
托尼不会游泳是难以置信的。
(3)I don’t know which I should choose,because the red and the yellow are both beautiful.
我不知道该选哪个,因为红色和黄色都很漂亮。
(4)I think that you can do it better.
我想你可以做得更好。
从例句中我们可以看到,which和that都可以引导主语从句和宾语从句,但是在(1)句和(3)句中which在从句中分别作了主语和宾语成分,而在(2)句和(4)句中that在从句中不作任何成分,只起到连接主句和从句的作用。
二、which引导定语从句的用法比较
which作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,在从句中可以代替物作主语和宾语等语法成分。例如:
(5)This is the book which/that I bought last week.
这书是我上周买的。
(6)The clothes,which are over there,seem to have a good quality.
那边的衣服看起来质量不错。
从(5)句和(6)句中我们可以看到which可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,并分别在句中作宾语和主语成分。一般情况下,that和which在引导定语从句中代替物时可以互用,但以下情况一般要用which:非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which;关系代词前如有介词、关系代词须用which,如把介词移至动词后,可用that(或省略);如果先行词是that,关系代词应用which;
The true cost often differs from that which had first been projected
实际成本经常与最初计划的有所不同。
The United States will do that which is necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens
美国将为自己的公民尽其应尽的义务。
The faeces contain nitrogen and it is that which fertilises the desert soil.
粪便含氮,而正是氮可以肥化荒芜的土地。
"That which does not kill us makes us stronger."
"*不死我们的东西会让我们更强大。"
六级真题- 2015年 6月
如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用which;在“those 复数形式的名词”结构中,其后的关系代词多用which;一个句子中如有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that,第二个从句中的关系代词宜用which。但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词。例如:
(7)She was awarded a gold medal,which the whole family considered a great honor.(which引导非限制定语从句)
她被授予了一枚金牌,全家人都认为这是一种莫大的荣誉。
(8)There’s only one issue about which they disagree.(which前有介词about)
只有一个问题他们不同意。
(9)This is the pen (that) she was looking for.(介词移至动词后)
这是她在找的钢笔。
(10)I have that which you gave me.(先行词是that)
我拥有的正是你所给我的。
(11)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.(先行词和关系代词相隔)
拉里给她讲了我在本书开头讲述的那个年轻飞行员的故事。
(12)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(those 复数形式的名词)
商店应该储备那些卖得最好的商品。
(13)This is the book that you bought which you have lost.(两个定语从句中)
这是你买的书,但你丢了。
(14)I have a house which is located on the hills,which faces the south.(平行结构中)
我有一所房子,坐落在山上,朝南。
Not that the machine is out of order, but that I have not learned to operate it.
不是机器出了故障,而是我还没学会操作。(平行结构中)
三、as引导定语从句的用法比较
1.as作为关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句,主要用于such...as,the same...as,so...as,as...as等结构中。
例如:
(15)Let’s deal with such problems as concern us.
让我们来处理我们关心的这些问题。
(16)The purpose of the conductor is to transmit the electrical energy with as little loss as is practicable.
超导体的目的是以尽可能小的损耗传输电能。
(17)There are so many tickets available as are asked for.
票很充足以致于可以满足需要。
(18)She wears the same watch as I do.(同一类)
她和我戴同样的表。
(19)This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.(同一个)
这就是我昨天丢的那一块手表。
在(15)句中,as指代such修饰的名词“problem”,并在从句中作主语成分;(16)句中,第二个as指代第一个as所修饰的“little loss”;(17)句中as指代so修饰的名词“tickets”;在(18)句中,as指代“the same”修饰的名词“clothes”,在从句中作宾语;此情况下不能用that和which来代替as引导定语从句。
比较:在(18)句中,as指代的先行词表同一类,强调种类一样。而在(19)中that指代的先行词虽然也被“the same”修饰,但是此时先行词表示同一个。
2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句比较。
as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个句子。但是具体使用方法是有区别的,请看下面的例句比较:
(20)As we known,Yao Ming is the most famous basketball player in China.
众所周知,姚明是中国最著名的篮球运动员。
(21)The number of the people,as we had expected,was over three thousand.
正如我们所预料的,人数超过了三千人。
(22)The sun gives off light and warmth,which makes it possible for living creatures to grow.
太阳发出光和温暖,这使生物的生长成为可能。
(23)She is very beautiful,which makes others jealous.
她很漂亮,这引起别人的妒忌。
(24)She is very kind to the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很好,而她的丈夫很少这样。
(25)He became a teacher,which I was not.
他成了一名教师,而我不是。
在(20)句中as放在了句首,所指代的内容就是后面的一句话“Yao Ming is the most famous basketball player in China”;(21)句as放在了句中,同样指代的是一句话“The number of the people was over three thousand”。从这两个例句中我们发现as引导的从句和主句在内容上表示一致,或者说从句的内容是顺着主句的意思说下来的,有“就像”、“正如”之意。再看一下(22)句和(23)句,which的位置放在了句中,并且which引导的非限制定语从句是主句造成的一种结果。比如我们在翻译(22)句时可以这样理解:太阳释放出光和热,这使生物生长成为可能;当然(23)句我们也可以这样翻译:她很漂亮,这使其他人和嫉妒。从(24)句和(25)句我们还可以看到which引导非限制性定语从句的另一种用法,即which引导的非限制定语从句与主句内容不一致,或起对立、否定关系。
四、as引导状语从句的用法比较
1.as,when和while作为连词引导时间状语从句的比较。
若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,通常要用while。但是,若主、从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”的意思,通常要用as。例如:
(26)Don’t talk while you’re eating.
吃饭时不要说话。
(27)I kept silent while she was reading.
她读书时我保持沉默。
(28)She sang as she went along.
她边走边唱。
若从句是一个短暂性动作,而主句是一个持续性动作,一般用when。如果主、从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作,一般要用as。例如:
(29)When he came in,I was watching TV.
他进来的时候,我正在看电视。
(30)It was raining hard when he arrived.
他到达时雨下得很大。
(31)I had guessed it just as you opened your mouth.
你刚开口我就猜到了。
若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况,相当于汉语的“随着”,一般用as。表示“每当……的时候”(暗示一种规律性),一般要用when。例如:
(32)Situations are getting better and better as time goes on.
随着时间的推移,情况越来越好。
(33)As it grew darker,it became colder.
天越黑,就越冷。
(34)It’s warm when sun shines.
阳光明媚的时候天气很暖和。
(35)He smiled when I praised him.
当我称赞他时,他笑了。
2.as,though和although作为连词引导让步状语从句的对比。
as引导让步从句时,句子必须倒装。常把被强调的作表语的形容词、名词及作状语的副词放句首,有时甚至把谓语动词放句首。though引导让步状语时,句子可以倒装(倒装方式和as一样)也可以不倒装。although引导让步状语时,只能用正常语序,不能倒装。下面我们看一下例句(36)―(39):
(36)Poor as/though they are,they are very ambitious.
尽管他们很穷,但他们雄心勃勃。
(37)Child as/though he is,his behavior seems mature.
尽管他还是个孩子,但他的行为似乎很成熟。
(38)Hard as/though he worked,he didn’t pass the exam.
尽管他努力,但他没有通过考试。
(39)Try hard as/though he will,he is not successful.
尽管他会努力,但他并不成功。
3.as,because,since和for作为连词引导原因状语从句比较。
because引导原因状语从句时语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句是全句的重心,它引导的从句一般放在主句的后面,并且回答以why引起的特殊疑问句;as只说明一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句通常放在句首,常意为“由于”;since意为“既然”,表示对方已经知晓,无需加以说明的原因或事实(有时为天经地义的事实或格言、谚语等),语气比because稍弱,全句重点落在主句上;for是并列连词,它的语气最弱,常用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释,一般放在句中,强调“理由”。下面我们看一下例句再一次进行比较。
(40)He is absent today because he is ill.
他今天缺席是因为他病了。
(41)As everyone has arrived,we can set off now.
大家都到了,我们现在可以出发了。
(42)I’ll do it for you since you are busy.
既然你很忙,我就帮你做。
(43)We must leave now,for the film begins at seven.
我们现在必须离开,因为电影七点开始。
4.as引导的方式状语从句用法。
as,(just) as...so...引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as...so...结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如”、“就像”,多用于正式文体,例如:
(44)I shall do the exercises as you have been taught.
我将按照你所教授的做练习。
(45)As water is to fish,so air is to man.
水之于鱼,空气之于人。
(46)Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep old ideas from our heads.
就像我们打扫房间一样,我们也应该清除头脑中的旧思想。