语法专题一：名词
名词是英语中非常重要的一类词，也是高考必考内容之一。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对名词考查列了四项：①可数名词及其单复数②不可数名词③专有名词 ④名词所有格。纵观历年高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出painting，结合题意要将其变成paintings；第77题（短文改错）考查的是不可数名词air，原文给出的是airs，要求考生将其改成air。而在完形填空中，有7题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查的是词性转换，括号里给出的是动词attract，根据题意要将其改成名词attraction；第69题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出day，结合题意要将其变成复数形式days；第74题考查的是词性转换，题目中给的是形容词honest，根据题意需要将其改为名词honesty。而在完形填空中，有4题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出effect，结合题意要将其变成effects，构成side effects（副作用）；第75题（短文改错）考查的是可数名词单复数，原句中给出的是word，结合题意要将其变成words。而在完形填空中，有5题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
I. 名词的种类：
II. 名词的数：1. 规则可数名词的复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下：
2. 不规则可数名词复数：
III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加's构成，多表示有生命的东西；二是由介词of加名词构成，多表示无生命的东西；三是双重所有格。1. 's所有格的构成：
2. 's所有格的用法：
3.of所有格的构成及用法：
of所有格是以"of 名词"构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。如:
the workshop of the factory 工厂的车间 the door of the room 房间的门
the legs of the chair 椅子腿 the cover of the book这本书的封面 表示有生命东西的名词，也可用of所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如:
the death of Stalin 斯大林的逝世 the arrival of the chairman 主席的到来 the laws of Newton 牛顿定律
4.双重所有格：
's所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系，这叫做"双重所有格"。双重所有格的形式为：
1)of十名词所有格：a friend of my brother's.我弟弟的一位朋友；a new design of Mr. Brown's.布朗先生的一项新设计
2)of 名词性物主代词：a friend of mine我的一位朋友 ；a necklace of yours你的一条项链
IV. 名词的修饰语
可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语，详见下表：
注意：some在表示 "某一"，any在表示"任何"时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词，last，next，the other和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。
★★★★★ 短文改错中常考的不可数名词有： water，advice，air，work，time，homework，bread，milk，fun，information，progress，practice，weather，news，wealth，voice，room（空间）, knowledge等。
V.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练·名词
考点规律分析：短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外，还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。
名词单句改错之真题训练：
1. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.
2.We climb everywhere, not only in America. We have been to Europe many time.
3.There are branch library in many villages.
4.I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon. 5.Today I visited the Smiths — my first time visit to an American family.
6. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.
7. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.
8. …and often watch football match on TV together.
9.Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day!
10. She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
11. I used to love science class — all of them— biology, chemistry, geography, physics.
12. They did not want me to do any work at family.
13. …so that I'll get good marks in all my subject.
14.On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.
15. No one worries much about the radio program young people listen to.
16. Their word were a great encouragement to me.
17. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month."
18. …but after class we become stranger at once.
19. You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Internet.
20. Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby…
21. She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when…
22. Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.
23..The airs we breathe is getting dirtier and dirtier.
名词单句改错之模拟训练：
1. Women live longer than men in most country.
2. The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time.
3. It's said that all the ticket have been sold out.
4. The children spend a lot of times watching TV.
5. I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday.
6. The flower in the park were all pleasing.
7. As the day went by, she became less anxious.
8. Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country.
9. It's one of the most interesting book that I've ever read.
10. He made his first time visit to China when he was 18.
11.Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.
12. He hasn't lived here long, but he has a great many friend here.
13. I was afraid she would have left for family when I got there.
14. He's getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.
15. There's a paper's factory near our school.
名词单句改错之提升训练：
A级
1. From then on, we became good friend and often played together.
2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.
3.Did you take their advices yesterday?
4. Most of them are woman doctors.
5.We can have funs at the seaside this weekend.
6. There are four baskets of apple in that room.
7. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.
8. Tom looks happy today. He's got many good news from here.
9. This hat of my father is rather old.
10.He made many mistake in the exam because of carelessness.
11.I went to a nearby food store to buy some breads this morning.
12.I am eighteen year old now.
13.I have caring teachers and friendly classmate in my class.
14.As student,I will study hard and try to pass the exam.
15.Nowadays,we can get many information on the internet.
B级
1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?
2. The number of the students in our school are increasing.
3. She has made some progresses in English.
4. His work is better than anyone else.
5. We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no choices but to take a taxi.
6. He dropped the coffee's cup and broke it.
7. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.
8. My brother has had one of his tooth taken out.
9. You'll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London.
10.What a beautiful weather we are having recently!
11.Tables are made of woods.
12.It's impossible for so few workers to do so many work in a single day.
13.What happened to your voices?Why couldn't we hear you?
14.What a lot of works I have to finish today!
15.At meal times，some customerhave to wait outside the restaurant.
16.As a writer，he is success because he has written many great works.
名词单句语法填空之真题训练：
1.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me, pandas are its top______________(attract)．
2.The nursery team switches him every few ______________(day) with his sister.
3.Handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ______________(achieve)．
4.Recent_____________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
5.Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of ______________(apple)．
6.Although these ______________(measure) are not effective forever, they are vital for now.
7.The college years are supposed to be a time for important______________(grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.
8.The ______________(life) of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.
9.The weather ______________(effect) both good and bad, are felt in many places.
10.Some schools will have to make ___________(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.
11.—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
— I'd like to, but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my ______________(apologize)．
12.One of the most effective ways to reduce ________(stressful) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
13.When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ______________(balanced) and had a bad fall.
14.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some______________(think) and then let me know.
15.—Why not buy a secondhand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one?
—That's a good _______________(suggest)．
16.Her ______________(motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：
1.Ants are gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and make ______________(prepare) for the long cold winter.
2.With great ______________ (satisfy)，he soon fell asleep.
3.It's still a useful and pleasant form of _____________ (communicate)．
4.I had no ____________(choose) but to prepare for it, though.
5.The students with hobbies left school with many extra_____________(skill)．
6.On the other hand, chopsticks reflect _____________(gentle) and kindness.
7.So are most of the ___________(express) made with the word hot.
8.Actually we can encourage ourselves to work efficiently, full of ______________(determine)．
9.I named them "cookies" because I always feel that children can bring great happiness and ______________(excite) to my life.
10.The ________ (change) are gradual and require a lot of efforts and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.
参考答案及解析
语法专题一：名词
名词单句改错之真题训练：
1.waters 改为water，因"水"为物质名词，不可数
2.time改为 times，many times 意为"许多次"
3.library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数
4.times 改为 time，some time 意为"某时"
5.去掉time，因first 已含有"次"的意思
6.question 改为 questions，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lots of
7.subject 改为 subjects，因 a few 后应接复数可数名词
8.match 改为 matches
9.return改为 returns，many happy returns of the day! 为祝贺生日的惯用表达
10.schoolmate 改为 schoolmates，因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的 all 也可推知
11.class 改为 classes，指其后提到的所有课程
12.family 改为 home，因 at home 为固定短语
13.subject 改为 subjects，请注意前面的 all
14.picture 改为 pictures，picture 作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式
15.program 改为 programs，从句意上看，此处应用复数
16.word 改为 words，注意其后的复数动词
17.month 改为 months，因 several 后要用可数名词的复数形式
18.stranger改为strangers，由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数
19.minute改为minutes，因为a few后面的名词一定是复数
20.age改为ages，因谈到不止一个人的年龄，age用复数；of all ages指各个年龄阶段的人
21.homeworks改为homework，因它是不可数名词，没有复数形式
22.knowledges改为knowledge，因 knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式
23.airs改为air，因为air是不可数名词，没有复数形式
名词单句改错之模拟训练：
1.country 改为 countries，因其前的most 意为"大多数"。
2.time 改为 times，many times 意为"许多次"。
3. ticket 改为 tickets，因它是可数名词，且受 all the 的修饰。
4.times 改为 time，因 time 表示"时间"时不可数。
5. peoples 改为 people，因 people 表示"人们"，本身是复数，其后不能再加词尾-s。（注：复数的peoples 表示不同的民族）
6. flower 改为 flowers，因为其后的谓语为复数。
7. day 改为 days，句意为"随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了"，此处的 day 应用复数。
8. computer 改为 computers，根据句意和其后的谓语 are，可知 computer 要用复数。
9. book 改为 books，因 one of 后表示范围的名词要用复数。
10. 去掉 time，his first visit 即为他第一次访问，其中已包含"次"的概念。
11. tear 改为 tears，因 tear 为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。
12. friend 改为 friends，因a great many 后要接复数名词。
13. family 改为 home，leave for home 意为"动身回家"。
14. furnitures 改为 furniutre，因它是不可数名词。
15.paper's 改为 paper，表示"纸厂"、"纸花"、"纸飞机"等，直接用 paper 作定语。
名词单句改错之提升训练：
A级
1.friend改为friends
2.Germen改为Germans
3.advices 改为advice
4.woman改为women
5.funs改为fun
6.apple改为apples
7.thousands改为thousand
8.many改为much
9. Father改为father's
10.mistake改为mistakes
11.breads改为bread
12.year 改为years
13.classmate改为classmates
14.student前面加a
15.many改为much
B级
1.去掉a
2.are改为is
3.progresses改为progress
4.else改为else's
5.choices改为choice
6.coffee's改为coffee
7.wealths改为wealth
8. tooth改为teeth
9.valuable改为value
10.去掉a
11. woods改为wood
12.many改为much
13.voices改为voice
14.works改为work
15.customer改为customers
16.success改为successful或者在success前面加a
名词单句语法填空之真题训练：
1．attraction [空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。]
2．days [few作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。
3．achievement [介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。]
4．studies [考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。]
5．apples [在苹果节人们可以看到，并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。a variety of各种各样，后面跟复数形式。]
6．measures [考查名词单复数，根据前面的these和后面的are，可以判断应用复数形式。]
7．growth [此处的growth和后面的development是并列关系，且用前面的important修饰。]
8．lives [根据后面的谓语动词，可以判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。]
9．effects [根据后面的谓语动词，可以看出此处应该是复数形式。]
10.adjustments [句意：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将做出调整。固定表达make adjustments 做出调整。]
11．apology/apologies [句意：——去和你的妈妈说对不起，Dave.——我想，但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。]
12．stress [句意：减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式，stress压力，紧张，为不可数名词。]
13．balance [句意：追赶哥哥时，小男孩失去了平衡，重重摔了一跤。作动词lose的宾语要用名词形式。lose his balance失去平衡，失去均衡。]
14．thought [句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下，然后让我知道。 some后应跟名词，thought想法。]
15．suggestion [句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话，为什么不先买一辆二手车呢？——这是个不错的建议(suggestion)。形容词修饰名词，故用名词形式。]
16．motivation [句意：她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性物主代词修饰名词。]
名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：
1．preparations [考查固定搭配。make preparations for...为……作准备。]
2．satisfaction [形容词great修饰名词，所以填satisfaction。]
3．communication [考查名词。介词of之后要用名词形式communication。]
4．choice [考查词形变化。have no choice but to do sth是固定表达，意思是除了……别无选择。故答案为choice。]
5．skills [前面有many修饰，故用复数形式。]
6．gentleness [考查名词。另一方面，筷子所反映的是彬彬有礼与友好。根据and连接两个并列成分以及名词kindness可知，此处要用名词作动词reflect的宾语。]
7．expressions [考查名词。most of the后跟名词形式，而且此处要用复数形式。]
8．determination [考查名词。介词of 后面应该用名词作宾语。]
9． excitement [考查名词。该处需要excite的名词形式和happiness一起作bring的宾语。]
10.changes [考查名词。变化是逐渐的，需要很多努力和工作。因为这里缺少的是句子的主语，根据谓语动词are可知主语应该是复数changes。]
