一、逻辑主语:一般为句子的主语或分词前的整个句子。
注意:这个知识点写在最前面,大家看后面的例句时注意一下例句的逻辑主语
二、状语类型:时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的、评论性、条件
1.时间状语
现在分词的一般式作时间状语,往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。
现在分词的完成式作时间状语,往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生 。此时可在现在分词前加上when,while,after等连词。
Hearing the news, he burst into tears.
听了这个消息,他大哭起来。(这里的动作是相继发生。hear的逻辑主语是he)
Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (finish的逻辑主语是he)
完成作业后他就睡觉了。
After finishing your homework, you can watch television. (finish的逻辑主语是you)
写完作业之后,你才能看电视。(实际上这就是时间状语从句的省略)
练习:While ___ (walk) along the road, Mr Smith met an old friend of his.
答案:walking
句意:史密斯先生在路上走着时遇到了他的一位老朋友。
2.作原因状语
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
练习:________ (tell) that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in that supermarket.
答案:Having been told
句意:被告知一些客人要来,她整个上午在超市购物。
3.作结果状语
现在分词作结果状语,常常位于句尾,前面的主句表示原因,后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。
On 17 March, an earthquake hit the city, causing 7 deaths and more than 200 injuries.
3月17日,这个城市发生了地震,造成7人死亡,200多人受伤。
练习:The child slipped and fell, ________ (hit) his head against the door.
答案:hitting
句意:那孩子滑了一跤,头撞在了门上。
4.作伴随或方式状语
现在分词的一般式作伴随状语或方式状语,可位于句首、句中或句末,表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作。
I write using my left hand.
我用左手写字。
练习:I stood on the deck, ______(stare) at the huge waves.
答案:staring
句意:我站在甲板上,看着巨大的海浪。
5.作目的状语
现在分词作目的状语往往放于句尾,且与主句间用逗号隔开。
He stood up, hugged his parents, and smiled, trying not to let his emotions get the better of him.
他站起来,拥抱他的父母,然后笑了,努力不让自己的情绪失控。(2020浙江一考卷)
练习:Everyone in my class spares no efforts on their study, ______ for the College Entrance Examination.
A. prepared B. having prepared C. to prepared D. preparing
答案:D
句意:我们班的每个人都不遗余力地学习,为高考做准备。
6.作评论性状语
有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度、观点等,我们称这种状语为评论性状语。
Generally speaking, the more you pay, the more you get. (修饰全句)
一般来说,花钱多,买的东西就多。
来源:《牛津词典》
Judging from his face, he must be ill.
从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
7.作条件状语
常见的引导条件状语的分词有:supposing,considering,providing等。有的语法书上说这类状语要放在句子的前半部分,其实放后面也可以,字典上的例子就是放后面的。
I do believe in people being able to do what they want to do, providing they're not hurting someone else.
我确实相信人们可以做他们想做的事,只要他们不伤害他人。
来源于《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》