大家好！闲来无事把英语语法简单梳理梳理，如果有误还请批评指正。
来来来，上课之前先活动活动，学个节奏（注意，里面的词语末尾轻读）：
动，动，动，动
动词does，动词does，动词does，动词does
系词 系词 系词 系词
You, you，动词does，动词does，动词does，动词does……
恩，有的时候啊，学习还是挺枯燥的，尤其是学语法，所以请务必保持一颗欢乐的心。但，这世界没那么多人逗咱开心，咋整？子曰：求自己，没毛病！
好的，书接上文，前一篇咱们了解了一下动词的分类、动词的基本形式，一直干到动词的用法。看了系动词，接下来看实义动词。
6.3 动词的用法
1）连系动词（已讲）
2）实义动词
具有完整意义，可以单独做谓语的动词，主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。包括及物、不及物动词。
（1）不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语。英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。只能做不及物动词的比较少，有：
注意，这种分类纯属自娱自乐，没有学术意义。千万不要迷信哥~
具体动作类：
Go, come, lie, run, stay, walk, wait, stand, sit, rise, fall, flow,
例句：
I can't believe that you just come to see my parents, the first time, with an empty hand!
我勒个去，你第一次见我爹妈就空着手来的！
正规翻译：我无法相信，你第一次见我爹妈，手竟然是空的。（我干过这事。。。）
As the saying goes, you'd better lie a while when you fall over somewhere.
古人云，在哪跌倒，就在哪躺下歇歇。
正规翻译：就像人们常说的，当你在哪里跌倒了，你应当躺着歇一会儿。
行为状态类：
Arrive, appear, disappear, happen, graduate, agree, cry, apologize, ache, die, exist,
例句：
The luckiest thing is that when I need someone beside and you happen to appear.
最幸运的事情莫过于当我需要有人在身边而你恰好出现。（谁不曾青春过？）
（2）及物动词
后面能跟宾语的动词。有后面跟单宾语、双宾语的，还有复合宾语。
①跟单宾语的动词
同样，这种分类属于个人爱好，参考即可，你们可以用自己的方法去整理总结。
抽象动作：
Accept, Discover, Defeat, Forget, Guess, Think
情绪动作：
Enjoy, Excite, Please, Interest, Love, Surprise, Worry
行为动作：
Bury, Cover, Use, Eat, Put, Ride
例句：
It's hard for me to accept the fact that Chinese football team defeat its competitor.
我难以接受国足能赢球这个事实。（其中fact与Chinese football team defeat its competitor是同位语关系，也即两个东西是一件事情，只不过一个是缩略版，一个是完整版）
②跟双宾语的动词
*当直接宾语位于间接宾语之前时，这类动词常和to搭配（borrow除外）。
Pay, pass, read, return, show, sell, teach, tell, Promise,等
Bring, give, hand（递）, Borrow, lend, offer, rent, send,等
例：
Bring the C4 to me=bring me the C4. 把C4（手榴弹）给我。
Hand the hammer to me=hand me that hammer. 把锤子给我。
这里面，东西（C4, hammer）是直接宾语，因为它是动作的直接承受者。人是间接宾语，尽管位置可能在动词之后。
*当直接宾语位于间接宾语之前时，这类动词常和for搭配。
Buy, book, cook, choose, design, find, fetch, get, order, paint, prepare, spare等
例句：
Can you buy a digger for me? 你能给我买一辆挖掘机吗？
其中，do, leave, play, sing可以和to, for搭配。
What are you going to do to me son? 小za，你想（对我）干啥！
③常见的跟复合宾语的及物动词
补足语就是通常对宾语（或主语）进行补充说明的词，可以是一个形容词，也可以是一个短语。如果没有补足语，句子的意思会不完整。
*跟形容词或形容词短语做宾补的动词：
Believe, consider, find, imagine, make, think等
例：
Find it more and more difficult to stay happy（it为形式宾语，形容词 动词不定式做宾补）
He has the talent that he can make it really difficult to do anything.
他有一种才华，就是能把任何事情复杂化。
*跟名词短语作宾补的动词：
Call, consider, choose, elect, find, make, name
例：
We call ourselves the successor of Dragon. 我们自称为龙的传人。（其中ourselves是宾语，the successor of Dragon是宾语的补足语，补充ourselves。没有补足语，句子意义不完整）
*跟带to的不定式作宾补的动词：
Advise, allow, ask, expect, get, invite, order, tell, teach, wish, warn, want
例：
She invited me to join her family dinner.
Mother advises us to study harder otherwise we will be asked to do the farm work.
妈妈建议我们好好学习，要不然就去种地。
*跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词：
Let, have, see, watch, feel, hear, discover, make, observe
He discovered a comet travel around the sun. 他发现了一颗绕着太阳飞行的彗星。
Let the baby go! Don't make her cry. 放开宝宝，被给人家整哭了！
*跟动词ing形式作宾补的动词：
Catch, discover, find, get, hear, have, keep, observe, see, smell, watch
I watched the stupid Husky running and roaring when it was lying and dreaming.
我就看着那条二哈躺着睡觉，一边腿子在跑，嘴还叫唤着。
*跟动词ed形式作宾补的动词：
Feel, find, get, have, hear, make, see, watch
Finally, I found the poor man killed by that boar.
终于，我找到了那个被野猪拱死的可怜男人。
*用as等引导的介词短语（as后接名词、代词或形容词）作宾补的动词：
Consider, choose, regard, treat, use, imagine
Our leader considered you as a promising young man. 我们领导看好你呦，年轻人！
*用副词作宾补的动词：
Ask, drive, shut, see, show
She asked me politely: could you please get away from me!
她礼貌地对我说：滚一边儿去！
*用介词短语作宾补的动词：
Discover, find, have, hear, keep, make, see, notice
Please always keep your word in mind. 请记住你说过的话。
I could barely hear a single word from my teacher. 我几乎听不到老师在说啥。
（3）兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词
①意义不变类
Answer, close, consider, begin, insist, learn, prepare, read, start, sing
②意义有变化（前一个是不及物的意义，后一个是及物的意义）
Beat跳动，敲打；grow生长，种植；play玩耍，演奏；smell发出臭气，吸
Ring响，打电话；hang悬挂，绞死；speak讲话，说；
See, his heart beats normally after you have beaten him so hard.
（4）短暂性动词与持续性动词
①短暂性动词（非持续性动词）
admit, arrive, begin, borrow, buy, break, close, come, die, fall, go, hit
join, jump, leave, lose, move, marry, open, put, return, reach, start, stop
②持续性动词
Burn, drink, eat, fly, have, keep, know, lie, live, swim, rain, read, run
Sing, sleep, smoke, snow, stand, study, talk, wait, walk, wear, work
③短暂性动词与持续性动词的用法区别
*持续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语修饰。
注意：
在否定句中，短暂性动词也可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
They haven't met each other for ages.
They didn't find her until the concert had finished. 直到音乐会结束，我们才找到她。
*短暂性动词一般不用于while引导的时间状语从句，改用when代替。
While I came home. （×）
When I came home. （√）
*持续性动词表示一时的动作，可在前面加get/begin/come to。
When did you get to love that girl?
*短暂性动词和持续性动词转换
常见的有
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明显未完待续……
to be continued......
つづく......
