宏观经济的基本指标之一：GDP
GDP的内涵：GDP是指一定时期内在一国（或地区）境内生产的所有最终产品与服务的市场价值总和。
理解GDP的时候，有以下四个注意点：
第一，GDP是一个市场价值概念。
第二，GDP衡量的是最终产品和服务的价值，中间产品和服务价值不计入GDP。
第三，GDP是一国（或地区）范围内生产的最终产品和服务的市场价值。
第四，GDP衡量的是一定时间内的产品和服务的价值。
支出法——衡量GDP的方法之一
支出法是通过衡量在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品和服务的总支出来核
算GDP的一种方法。
支出法表达式：GDP = 消费 投资 政府购买 净出口
一国经济对产品和服务需求的角度可以划分为四个部门
家庭部门：
耐用品消费支出：购买小汽车、电视机等
非耐用品消费支出：购买食品、服装等
劳务消费支出：医疗、教育、旅游等支出
企业部门：
（1）投资是一定时期（如一年）增加到资本存量上的新的资本流量。
（2）资本存量指在经济中生产性资本的物质总量，包括厂房、设备和住宅等。资本存量的增加是投资的结果。（3）由于资本品的损耗造成的资本存量的减少成为折旧，为补偿或重新置换已消耗的资本进行的投资，称为重置投资。
（4）使资本存量出现净增加的投资被定义为净投资：
净投资=当年年终资本存量-上年年终资本存量
总投资=净投资 折旧
（5）总投资还可分为固定投资和存货投资
固定投资：对新厂房、机器设备和住宅的购买。
存货投资：指企业持有的存货价值的变化。
当年存货投资=当年年终存货价值-上年年终存货价值
政府部门：
政府部门购买产品和服务的支出定义为政府购买，包括政府提供国防、修建道路、开办学校等。政府支出包括政府购买和政府转移支付。但政府转移支付是对收入的再分配，并不直接用于交换产品和服务，所以不构成GDP的一部分。
国际部门：净出口定义为出口额与进口额的差额。
One of the basic indicators of macroeconomics: GDP
The connotation of GDP: GDP refers to the total market value of all final products and services produced in a country (or region) within a certain period of time.
When understanding GDP, there are four points to note:
First, GDP is a concept of market value.
Second, GDP measures the value of final products and services, and the value of intermediate products and services is not included in GDP.
Third, GDP is the market value of final products and services produced within a country (or region).
Fourth, GDP measures the value of products and services within a certain period of time.
One of the methods to measure GDP:
The expenditure method is to measure the total expenditure of the entire society on the purchase of final products and services in a certain period of time.
A way to calculate GDP.
GDP = consumption investment government purchases net exports
From the perspective of a country’s economy’s demand for products and services, it can be divided into four sectors:
Family Department:
Consumer spending on durable goods: buying cars, televisions, etc.
Non-durable goods consumption expenditure: purchase of food, clothing, etc.
Labor service consumption expenditure: expenditure on medical care, education, tourism, etc.
Corporate sector:
(1) Investment is a new capital flow that is added to the capital stock for a certain period of time (such as a year). (2) Capital stock refers to the total material amount of productive capital in the economy, including factory buildings, equipment, and housing. The increase in capital stock is the result of investment. (3) The decrease in capital stock caused by the depletion of capital goods becomes depreciation, and the investment to compensate or replace the consumed capital is called replacement investment.
(4) The investment that causes a net increase in the capital stock is defined as a net investment:
Net investment = current year-end capital stock-previous year-end capital stock
Total investment = net investment depreciation
(5) Total investment can also be divided into fixed investment and inventory investment
Fixed investment: the purchase of new plants, machinery and equipment and houses.
Inventory investment: refers to the change in the value of the inventory held by the enterprise.
Current year inventory investment = current year end inventory value-last year end inventory value
Government departments:
The expenditure of government departments to purchase products and services is defined as government purchases, including the government's provision of national defense, construction of roads, and opening of schools. Government expenditure includes government purchases and government transfer payments. However, government transfer payments are redistribution of income and are not directly used to exchange products and services, so they do not constitute a part of GDP.
International sector:
Net exports are defined as the difference between exports and imports
——源自Google翻译
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参考资料：百度、Google翻译
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