新概念英语第一册语法总结 ---句型和词
一． 特殊句型：there be 句型，Be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语 be动词 going to 动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
My father is not going to read newspapers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句(对划线部分提问)
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is your father going to do?
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not.
Yes, there are. No, there are not.
三．问句：
一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词 主语
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词 一般疑问句
What is your name?
选择疑问句: or
Do you want beef or lamb?
反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句 否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分 肯定疑问部分 （前肯后否，前否后肯）
You don’t need that pen, do you?
否定疑问句: 一般疑问句 否定词
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
四．冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法（ 详细见笔记）
五．限定词：some, any, many, much
some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
六．名词：种类，复数，名词所有格
1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
不可数名词
无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）
抽象的东西：love, knowledge
不可数名词有以下特点：
l. 不能用a, an修饰
2. 不能加s
3.和单数be动词或动词搭配
²可数名词：（可数名词单数不可以单独使用, 可用冠词，形容词性物主代词修饰，可数名词复数要在名词后面加s）
可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
1) 一般情况直接在词尾加-s . 如：chair—chairs；apple—apples；grape—grapes；desk—desks等。
2）以s、sh、ch、x等结尾的词加–es .如：bus—buses；watch—watches；box—boxes；brush—brushes等。
3）以辅音字母 y结尾的词，变y 为i 再加es，baby—babies；city—cities；family—families等。
以元音字母 y结尾的词，直接加s. boy—boys, monkey—monkeys等
4）以f或fe结尾的单词，去掉f或fe,再加ves. 如：knife—knives；thief—thieves；shelf—shelves等。
2、不规则变化
1）没有规律的变化。如：child—children；foot—feet；tooth—teeth；mouse—mice；woman—women等。
2）单复同形。如：deer—deer；sheep—sheep；fish—fish
3）以o结尾的名词有的加es有的加s. 如：potato—potatoes；tomato—tomatoes；hero—heroes等。
七．介词: 时间介词at，on，in的用法
- at 用在具体的时刻和中午，夜晚前面。
如：at 6:00, at half past four , at noon, at night
- on用在具体星期、日期前面。
如：on Monday, on September 1st ， on a cold morning
3、in 用在年、月、季节或早上、下午、晚上前面。如：
in 2008, in February, in spring, in the morning，in the afternoon
注意英语里的时间排序与中文不同，要由小到大的顺序表达：
at two o’clock in the afternoon 在下午2点
on September 1st ,2021 2021年9月1日。
八．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化
副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：
The book is very good.
He runs fast.
She came here quite early.
Certainly I will go with you.
变化：
1．直接在形容词后加-ly,
careful-carefully, slow-slowly,
2．以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,
happy-happily, lucky-luckily
3．有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化
fast, hard, late
4．有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：
near-nearly, late-lately,
九．情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语 can/must/may 动词原型
He can make the tea.
We can speak English.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea?
Can we speak English?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not can not = can’t
He cannot make the tea.
We can not speak English.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
Yes, we can. No, we can’t.
★特殊疑问句：
What can you do?
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化
2．must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。
can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
4．need 用法：
表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
need doing=need to be done，表示被动
The flowers need watering.
Need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.
十．不定代词及不定副词：
形容词修饰不定代词要后置 something important
some | any | no | every | |
thing | something | anything | nothing | everything |
one | someone | anyone | anything | everyone |
where | somewhere | anywhere | anywhere | everywhere |
body | somebody | anybody | nobody | everybody |
I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.
Everybody is here, Let’s begin our class.
Where did you go? I went nowhere.
Nobody is at home.
I have nothing left.
