在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫做定语从句。从句在复合句子中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
一. 先行词被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。先行词一般出现在定语从句之前。
Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage?
你认识在舞台上唱歌的那个姑娘吗?( the girl为先行词)
This is the museum which was built last year.
这就是去年建成的博物馆。( the museum为先行词)
I’ll forever cherish the days when I studied abroad.
我将永远怀念我在国外求学的日子。( the days为先行词)
Let’s find a place where we can have a picnic.
我们找一个能野餐的地方吧。( a place为先行词)
二. 关系词引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在从句中作状语。
Speaking of the USA, New York is the first thing that comes to mind.
说到美国,人们最先想到的就是组约。(作主语)
I’ll cherish the moment when I met Lisa.
我将怀念我和丽莎见面的那一时刻。(作状语)
1. 关系代词
常见的关系代词如下表
(1)who, whom, that
He is the man who/that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那名男子。 (who/that在定语从句中作主语,指代the man)
Mr White invited many friends to his party (who/whom/that) he respected.
怀特先生邀请了很多他尊敬的朋友参加他的聚会。(who/whom/that在定语从句中作respected的宾语,指代 many friends,可省略)
注意:
1)以下两种情况在定语从句中作宾语只能用whom,且不可省略:介词后宾语的关系代词只能用whom;在非限制性定语从句中,只能用whom作宾语。
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
我有很多要给他们寄贺卡的朋友。(whom在定语从句中作介词to后面的宾语)
A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻印象.(非限制性定语从句中,作宾语用whom)