Warming Up & Reading — Language Points
(一)根据英文释义和首字母提示写出单词
1．defeat: to win against sb. in a war, competition, sports, game etc.
2．attend: to be present at an event
3．cure：to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness
4．challenge：a new or difficult task that tests sb.'s ability and skill
5．suspect：to have an idea that something is bad but without having definite proof
6．blame：to think or say that sb./sth. is responsible for sth. bad
7．absorb: to take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around sth.
8．link: to make a connection between two or more things or people
(二)根据词性和汉语提示写出单词，并进行拓展
9．scientific adj.科学的→science n．科学→scientist n．科学家
10．conclude vt. & vi.结束；推断出→conclusion n．结论；结束
11．expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光→exposure n．暴露；曝光
12．pollute vt.污染；弄脏→polluted adj.受污染的→pollution n．污染
13．announce vt.宣布；通告→announcement n．宣告；通知
14．instruct vt.命令；指示→instruction n．说明
单词解析：
1．defeat
[教材原句] JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"约翰·斯诺战胜"霍乱王"
(1)vt.打败；战胜；使受挫
①The team defeated his opponent and won the champion in the final of the competition.这个队在比赛的决赛中打败对手，获得冠军。
②The proposal was defeated by 16 votes to 6.因16票反对，6票赞成，该提议未能通过。
(2)n.[C，U]失败
③He always seems cheerful even in defeat.他总是看起来很高兴，即使输了也这样。
比较defeat, beat, win
defeat 击败，强调过程和结果 ，宾语是对手
beat 打败；(连续)击打， 宾语是对手
win 赢得；获胜，宾语是game或prize等
Yesterday I defeated/beat John at chess. He won only one set, while I won two sets.昨天我和约翰下棋赢了他。他只赢了一盘，而我赢了两盘。
2．attend vi.& vt.照料；护理(病人)；出席；参加
[教材原句] John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人医生。
①The professor is rich in knowledge, so we all like to attend his lecture.这位教授知识渊博，因此我们都喜欢听他的演讲。
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend (on/upon) sb. 照顾某人；伺候某人
attend to 处理；对付；接待(顾客)；专心；注意
②Presidents from many countries attended the 2016 G20 Hangzhou Summit.来自许多国家的元首出席了2016年杭州G20峰会。
③He was badly injured. As a result, he was attended (on) by three nurses.他伤势严重。因此，有3名护士护理他。
[点津] 作"照顾；护理"讲时，可用attend，也可用attend on/upon；作"出席；参加"讲时，attend多作及物动词。
④Attend to your study and stop talking.专心学习，不要讲话。
⑤Excuse me, but I have an important matter to attend to.对不起，但我有件要事要办。
比较attend, join, join in, take part in
attend 指参加会议、上课、上学、听报告等;
join指加入某组织、团体，成为其中的一员;
join in 指参加某种活动，表示与某人一起做某事，可构成join sb. in sth.结构;
take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议等，往往指参加并持积极态度，起一定作用。
①I often attend meetings and sometimes I join in/take part in their discussion.我经常出席会议，有时参与大会的讨论。
②My wish is to join the army after graduation.我的愿望是毕业后参军。
③Lincoln took an active part in politics and was strongly against slavery.林肯积极参加政治活动，强烈反对奴隶制度。
3．expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光；使接触
[教材原句] But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。
(1)expose sb./sth. to ...使某人/某物暴露于……；使某人/某物接触到……
(2)be exposed to ... 暴露于……；置身于……
exposure n. 暴露；揭发
①Exposed to such disasters, the local people were badly in need of help.当地人深陷于如此大的灾难中，他们急需帮助。
②Don't expose yourself to the sun for too long. You will get burnt.别在太阳下晒得太久，你会被晒伤的。
③We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化熏陶。
④A teacher should expose_his_students_to reallife situations.教师应让他的学生们接触到真实的生活环境。
4．cure n．[C]治愈；疗法vt.治愈；治疗；改掉(坏习惯)
[教材原句] Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.(人们)既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
①Doctors are searching for a cure for AIDS.医生们正在寻找艾滋病的治疗方法。
②There is no way to cure or prevent Ebola, though experimental vaccines are on the way.尽管实验性的疫苗正在研制中，但市场上还没有治愈或预防埃博拉病毒的方法。
③We must cure the children of bad habits.我们必须纠正孩子们的坏习惯。
④This medicine will cure you of your headache.这种药可治好你的头痛。
⑤a cure for ... 治愈某种病的疗法
⑥cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的病；改掉某人的坏习惯
比较cure, treat
cure强调结果，即“治愈”，可构成cure sb. of sth.结构;
treat调过程，不涉及结果，可构成treat sb. for sth.结构.
①The doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didn't cure her.
②He was treated for his heart disease for three months, but the doctors said they could cure him of it in one month.
5．challenge n．[C，U]挑战 vt.向……挑战
[教材原句] John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。
①To prevent hazes from happening frequently is a great challenge for most cities in China.对于中国的大部分城市来说，阻止雾霾天气的频繁发生是一项巨大的挑战。
(1)face the challenge 面临挑战
accept/take up a challenge 接受挑战
(2)challenge sb. to sth. 向某人挑战某事
challenge sb. to do sth. 向某人挑战做某事
②He accepted a challenge to a TV debate.他接受了电视辩论的挑战。
③When I said I ran faster than her, she challenged me to a race.当我说我跑得比她快时，她硬逼着要和我赛跑。
④Mr Wang challenged me to (play) another tennis game.王先生向我挑战再打一场网球比赛。
[点津] challenge本身已含"向……；对……"的意义，因而不要再加多余的to。
challenge sb.向某人挑战
6．absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心
[教材原句] The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒吸入体内的。
①This kind of paper absorbs ink.这种纸吸墨水。
absorb ... into ... 把……吸入……
absorb ... from ... 从……中吸收……
absorb sb.'s attention 吸引某人的注意
be absorbed in 专心于；全神贯注于
②Plants can absorb nutrients from the soil.植物能从土壤中吸收养分。
③A studentcentered class can absorb students' attention.以学生为中心的课堂可以吸引学生的注意力。
④Absorbed in his work, Tom simply forgot food and sleep.汤姆专心工作，几乎忘记了吃饭和睡觉。
7．suspect
[教材原句] John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.
约翰·斯诺推测第二个理论是正确的，但他需要证据。
(1)vt.怀疑；认为
①Never employ the man you suspect, nor suspect the man you employ.[谚语]疑人不用，用人不疑。
suspect that ... 怀疑……；觉得……
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事
②What makes you suspect_him_of stealing the money?你凭什么怀疑钱是他偷的？
③I suspect that he is a thief.我怀疑他是个小偷。
(2)n. [C]嫌疑犯
④The police have taken the suspect to the police station.警察把那个嫌疑犯带到了警察局。
8．blame
[教材原句] It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。
(1)vt.责备；指责；把……归咎于
be to blame (for sth.) 对(某事)负有责任；(因某事)应受责备
blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人
blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎到某人身上
①Don't always blame your own failure on others. Sometimes you yourself are to blame.
不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人。有时该怪你自己。
②There was no evidence that the pilot was to blame for the air crash.没有证据表明飞行员要为这场空难负责。
(2)n.[U]过失；责备
bear/take/accept/get the blame (for sth.)(对某事)承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.将某事归咎于某人
③I am ready to take the blame for what I said.我已准备对我所说的负责。
④She'll put/lay the blame on me if it gets bad.如果事情变糟，她会把此事归咎于我。
9．announce vt.宣布；宣告(决定、计划等)；(尤指通过广播)通知
[教材原句] With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病毒。
(1)announce sth.(to sb.) (向某人)宣布、通告某事
announce that ... 宣布……；通知……
It is announced that ...据宣布……
(2)announcement n. 通知；通告
make an announcement宣布；下通知
(3)announcer n. 广播员；播音员
①Guangdong police announced a reward for reporting crime clues.广东警方宣布将给予提供犯罪线索者一笔赏金。
②The spokesman of the Foreign Ministry announced the news to the reporters.
＝ The spokesman of the Foreign Ministry announced_to the reporters the news.
外交部发言人向记者发布了新闻。
[点津] 表示"向某人宣布某事"用announce sth. to sb.或announce to sb. sth.，而不用announce sb. sth.。
③It is announced that there will be a celebration on National Day.据宣布，国庆节要举行庆祝会。
④The announcer made an announcement that all the details should be announced through the broadcast.广播员宣布所有的细节都应通过广播公布出来。
比较announce, declare
announce指正式公布、宣布，侧重预告人们关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻
declare指正式向公众宣布，侧重“当众发表”，多用于宣战、议和或宣判等。declare后可跟复合宾语
①The date of his visit has not been announced.他来访的日期尚未公布。
②Fighting has been going on for a year, but war has not yet been declared.仗已打了一年，但并没有宣战。
10．instruct vt.命令；指示；教导
[教材原句] The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触受污染的水了。
①When I met him, he was instructing his son how to deal with the car problem.当我见到他时，他正在教儿子如何修汽车。
(1)instruct sb. in sth. 教授某人某事
instruct sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
(2)instruction n．[用复数]说明书；使用指南
[C，常用复数]指示；命令
give sb. instructions to do sth.命令某人做某事
follow one's instructions 听从某人的指示
②My job is to instruct her in English.我的工作是教她英语。
③He instructed me to deliver it to a customer.他吩咐我把东西传送给顾客。
④The teacher gave them instructions to arrive early tomorrow morning.老师命令他们明天早晨要早到。
1．put forward 提出；推荐
2．draw a conclusion 得出结论
3．expose ... to ... 使显露；暴露
4．of sb.'s/sth.'s day 在某人/某物存在的时候
5．face a challenge 面临挑战
6．mark ... on ... 在……上把……标出来
7．be to blame 该受责备；应负责
8．link ... to ... 将……和……联系或连接起来
9．look into 调查
10．slow down 减速；减缓
1．put forward提出；拨快；将……提前；推荐
[教材原句] Who put forward a theory about black holes?谁提出了黑洞理论？
写出put forward在下列句子中的汉语意思
①Since last year, China has put forward a series of important suggestions. 提出
②The women's final has been put forward to 2：00 pm.提前
③He put his watch forward to avoid being late for the meeting.拨快
④We put Mary forward to take part in the competition to find a designer for the new airport building.推荐；提名
