1．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
这是一个倒装句，"only＋状语或状语从句"放于句首要使用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be 放在主语之前。
①Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有通过这种方式，我们才能解决这个问题。
②Only when he returned did we find out the truth.只有他回来时我们才发现了真相。
③Only she can do it well, for she is more experienced.只有她才能把它做好，因为她更有经验。
①If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer and more clever!要是我更苗条一些、更漂亮一些、更富有一些、更聪明一些该多好啊！
②You will pass the driving test only if you practice hard.只有努力练习，你才能通过驾照考试。
2．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with_the_planets_going_round_it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动，只有月亮仍然围绕地球转动。
with the planets going round it 是"with＋宾语＋宾语补足语"结构，在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，此结构还可作后置定语。
①The little boy ran along the street with nothing on.这个小男孩沿街跑着，什么也没穿。
②With prices going_up,_we can't afford too many clothes.随着物价的上涨，我们买不起太多的衣服。
③I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling.我在房间里坐了一会儿，眼睛盯着天花板。
④I can't go out with all these dishes to_wash.我不能丢下这些要洗的碟子就出去。
⑤We live in a house with many flowers around it.我们住在一所周围有很多花的房子里。
Section Ⅳ
Grammar & Writing
过去分词作定语和表语
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的意义
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
(1)只表示完成不表示被动
fallen leaves 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
(2)表示被动
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行
(3)表示被动和完成
the broken glass 碎了的杯子
the question discussed yesterday昨天讨论的问题
a divided country 一个分裂的国家
2．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.那个打碎的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The suggestion (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(＝ that has ever been written)．这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
①The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned (return) to our shop for quality problems.
②You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
[点津] ①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There is little time left. Let's hurry up.剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。
②过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。
He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：
This is a used car which is worth only 5,000 yuan.这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。
The method used is very efficient.所用的这个方法很有效。
④过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。
A girl, dressed like a student, came in and sat beside me.一位学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的旁边。
3．现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。
This is a letter written in black ink.这是一封用黑墨水写的信。
There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.有那么多人对上网感兴趣。
(2)过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作定语表示被修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。
Have you noticed the surprised expression on his face?你注意到他脸上惊讶的表情了吗？(他很惊讶)
What came to us was surprising news.我们得到的是令人吃惊的消息。(消息令人吃惊)
二、过去分词作表语
1．过去分词可放在系动词be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become, stay等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。
He seemed quite delighted at the news.听到这个消息他似乎很高兴。
The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。
2．过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感觉、感受或事物自身的状态；现在分词作表语则多表示事物具有的特性，常译作"令人……的"。
He became discouraged.他泄气了。
The situation proves encouraging.形势是令人鼓舞的。
①There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)．
②For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt pleased (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
[点津] 英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即"令人有某种感觉的"，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即"人被引起某种感觉的"，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。
The story they heard over the radio was very moving.他们从收音机里听到的这个故事很感人。
She was moved by his moving speech.她被他动人的演说感动了。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
The chairman announced the exciting news in an excited voice.主席用一种兴奋的声音宣布了这个令人激动的消息。
Alice read the letter with a puzzled expression on her face.艾丽丝脸上带着一种迷惑的表情读了这封信。
3．过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别："be ＋过去分词"表示状态时，是系表结构，此时分词通常已形容词化；表示动作时，是被动语态，且绝大多数被动结构中的动作执行者由介词by引出。
The book is well written.(系表结构，强调主语所处的状态)这本书写得很好。
The book was written by a soldier.(被动语态，强调主语所承受的动作)这本书是一位战士写的。
劝说性书信
假如你是高二学生李华，你的一个在外地读书的同学张力给你写信，向你诉说他最近因为身体不好而影响学习的情况，并且坦言自己平时学习忙，很少锻炼。请你根据这一情况给张力写一封回信，劝说并鼓励他积极锻炼身体，从而为更好地学习打下基础。
Dear Zhang Li，
I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and I hope you have got better now. You have studied so hard that you have had no time for exercise. ①But it is really harmful to your health.②I feel it would be more beneficial to your health if you could take more exercise in future.
③You may think that time spent in exercise is wasted. ④In fact, exercise can improve your physical condition and refresh your mind. ⑤After one or two hours of exercise you can study better. ⑥Only when you have a strong body can you keep on studying without feeling bad or ill.⑦Otherwise your study will be interrupted from time to time by sickness.
⑧I am not advising you to devote all your time to exercise. ⑨What I want to say is that exercise is as useful and important as your study. ⑩So I recommend that you take at least one hour's exercise every day from now on. ⑪I would be more than happy to see you have a stronger body.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
第一段一开始作者就表达了对同学的关心，并提出自己的观点，为下文做铺垫。
第二段详细说明锻炼身体的重要性。
最后一段提出自己的建议，希望同学抽出时间进行锻炼。
