本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂
Yashe Studio
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细品中国千百年来保留下来的古建筑，从大气磅礴的故宫到精美细致的江南园林，从注重“自然美”的道观到整洁庄严的佛寺，一砖一瓦都蕴藏着老祖宗的高超智慧和审美！而近年来，"楼塌塌"、"楼脆脆"、"楼歪歪"事件频频发生，再看看那些千年不倒的古建筑，有时候真该自惭形秽有木有？
A detailed review of the ancient buildings that have been preserved in China for thousands of years, from the magnificent Forbidden City to the exquisite and meticulous Jiangnan gardens, from the Taoist temple focusing on "natural beauty" to the neat and solemn Buddhist temples, each brick and tile contains the superb wisdom and aesthetics of the old ancestors!
今天且不论其原因，一起来了解下雷打不动的“古坚强”（古建筑）中暗藏的玄机吧！
Today, regardless of the reason, let's understand the mystery hidden in the "ancient strong" (ancient architecture)!
说到打雷，确实是威胁建筑安全的重要因素，古代咱们的建筑也多为木质结构，除了要抵抗风吹雨打，地震洪水等自然因素，防雷防火也着实考验了老祖宗一把，不然都不知道被烧多少次了！
When it comes to thunder, it is indeed an important factor threatening the safety of buildings. In ancient times, our buildings were mostly wooden structures. In addition to resisting natural factors such as wind, rain, earthquake and flood, lightning protection and fire prevention also really tested our ancestors. Otherwise, we don't know how many times they were burned!
我们都知道的是250年前，一个电闪雷鸣的日子，一个外国人将带有金属片的风筝放到天上，随后避雷针出世了！而翻阅中华浩瀚的文史资料后会发现，早在富兰克林发明避雷针之前的500年，它就已经被聪明的中国人捷足先登发明并实用了！
We all know that 250 years ago, on a day of lightning and thunder, a foreigner put a kite with a metal plate in the sky, and then a lightning rod was born! After reading the vast literature and history of China, we will find that the lightning rod was invented and applied by smart Chinese people 500 years before Franklin invented it!
位于中国山西省的应县木塔建成900多年来，长期未遭雷击破坏，原因是在塔顶有一根高达14米的铁刹，不仅起到了装饰作用，而且它全由铁杵制成，中间有一根铁轴，插入梁架之内，其作用正如同现代建筑中使用的避雷针。
Yingxian Wooden Tower, located in Shanxi Province, China, has not been damaged by lightning for more than 900 years since it was built. The reason is that there is a 14 meter high iron temple on the top of the tower, which not only plays a decorative role, but also is made of iron pestles, with an iron shaft in the middle inserted into the beam frame, just like the lightning rod used in modern buildings.
在塔的四周还有8条铁链，可以将雷电导入地下。洞庭湖畔有一幢世人皆知的岳阳楼，而同在湖畔还有一座不显眼的砖塔，建于唐朝开元年间，能保存至今也正是运用相同的原理，正是有了这些避雷设施，它们才能在电闪雷鸣中，安如泰山。
There are also 8 iron chains around the tower, which can lead lightning into the ground. There is a well-known Yueyang Tower by the Dongting Lake, and there is also an inconspicuous brick tower by the lake. It was built in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. The same principle has been applied to its preservation...
清朝康熙年间，我国各种建筑安装和使用避雷针已经相当普遍。1688年，西方传教士马卡连在《中国札记》中曾写道：“中国屋宇的屋脊两头，都有一个仰起的龙头，龙口吐出曲折的金属舌头，伸上天空，舌根连接着一根根细的铁丝，直通地下。
During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, lightning rods were widely installed and used in various buildings in China. In 1688, Makalian, a western missionary, wrote in "Notes on China": "There is an upturned dragon head on both sides of the ridge of the Chinese house.
这样奇妙的装置，在发生雷电的时候就大显神通，若雷电击中了屋宇，电流就会从龙舌沿线下行地底，起不了丝毫破坏作用。”这说明，在古代建筑上的避雷装置，在结构上已经与现代避雷针基本相似。
Such a wonderful device will show its power when lightning strikes. If the lightning strikes the house, the current will go down from the dragon tongue to the ground without any damage. " This shows that the lightning arresters on ancient buildings are basically similar to modern lightning rods in structure.
过了50年就不能用了？“钢筋混凝土”的寿命到底有多少年？
Can't use it after 50 years? How many years is the service life of "reinforced concrete"?
我国古代流传到现在的古城墙非常多，其中著名的就有南京的明城墙，西安的明城墙等。我们今天就以南京明城墙为例，分析一下为什么古代建造的城墙能够坚不可摧。南京明城墙在朱元璋的时候就开始修建了，朱元璋甚至动用了原本用来修建皇宫的费用来修建城墙。共计调用29万民工，耗时长达26年。
There are many ancient city walls handed down to the present in ancient China, including the famous Ming City Wall in Nanjing and Xi'an. Today, we will take the Nanjing Ming City Wall as an example to analyze why the ancient city wall can be impregnable. The Ming City Wall in Nanjing was built when Zhu Yuanzhang was in charge of the imperial palace...
南京城墙坚不可摧的因素主要有以下几点。
第1条就是砖块。这些修建城墙的砖块和我们今天所用的红砖不一样，修建城墙的都是青石砖。城墙内部用的是夯土，它的硬度不弱于岩石。在此之前，城墙宫殿都是用的夯土，夯土之外再用砖石，包括这种实心的结构足以抵抗抵挡住大炮的轰击。
The first is bricks. These bricks used to build the city wall are different from the red bricks we use today. The bricks used to build the city wall are all blue stone bricks. The inner part of the city wall is made of rammed earth, which is not weaker than rock...
修建城墙时，为了防止工人们偷工减料，所有砖头上都写有负责人的名字。如果哪一段城墙出了问题就能直接找到负责人。如果敢搞豆腐渣的话，这样只有死路一条了。
When building the city wall, in order to prevent the workers from cutting corners, all the bricks were written with the name of the person in charge. If there is a problem with a section of the city wall, you can directly find the person in charge. If you dare to engage in bean curd dregs, there will be a dead end.
第2个很重要的因素就是所使用的混凝土，虽然古代并没有现代建筑所使用的水泥混凝土。但是古代也有粘合剂，那就是我们吃饭的糯米。把糯米熬成汤，然后再混合沙土，石灰等就可以造成极强的粘合剂。
When building the city wall, in order to prevent the workers from cutting corners, all the bricks were written with the name of the person in charge. If there is a problem with a section of the city wall, you can directly find the person in charge. If you dare to engage in bean curd dregs, there will be a dead end.
这种加入了糯米汁的混凝土，就是所谓的糯米灰浆。这种混凝土强度大韧性好，而且还能防渗透，甚至超过了现代意义上的水泥混凝土。无论是古代的城墙还是现代的建筑，都凝聚了我们中国人数千年来的智慧，古代的城墙能够一流数百年，甚至上千年不倒，可不得不佩服我们老祖宗的智慧呀。
This kind of concrete with glutinous rice juice is called glutinous rice mortar. This kind of concrete has high strength and good toughness, and it can also prevent seepage, even surpassing the modern cement concrete. Both ancient city walls and modern buildings have accumulated the wisdom of our Chinese people for thousands of years.
