全世界有那么多语言,许多语言中“妈妈”的发音却十分相似。
In a lot of languages, the word for “mother” seems often either to be mama or have a nasal sound similar to m, like nana.
世界上很多语言中,“母亲”这个词通常要么是mama,要么有类似于m的鼻音,比如娜娜。
如中文里的“妈”就是字正腔圆的鼻辅音m加上一个元音a。
英语的“mom/mum”就已经跟中文足够相似了。更相似的是意大利语——mamma(挪威人也这么叫),几乎一模一样。
为了解释这种相似性,有人拿出了语系和语族的概念。
可以观察到,语言近亲间“妈妈”的发音相似是好理解的,比如说英语、法语、意大利语、挪威语。
When it comes to European languages closely related to English, like the Romance and Germanic ones, the similarity isn’t so surprising. After all, these languages are children of what was once one language, which linguists call Proto-Indo-European. So if French has maman, and Italian has mamma, and Norwegian has mamma, then maybe that’s just a family matter.
如果说的是与英语密切相关的欧洲语言时,比如罗曼语族的语言或者日耳曼语族的语言,它们内部的相似性并不奇怪。毕竟,这些语言是同一种语言的后代,语言学家称之为原始印欧语。所以,如果法国人说maman,意大利人说mamma,挪威人也说mamma,一家人说一家话不奇怪。
那不同语系间的相似性怎么解释呢?
上到高加索山,下到非洲,或者深入内陆,亦或是远到太平洋岛国,各地语言里的“妈妈”相似得可怕——很明显超出了单个语系的范围。
In Africa, Swahili has mama. In the Philippines, Tagalog has nanay. Fijian has nana. Mandarin, so intimidatingly different from English to the learner, soothes unexpectedly in offering up mama. Chechen in the Caucasus? Naana. Native American languages? Eskimo has anana; Koasati, spoken in Louisiana and Texas, turns out to have mamma.
非洲的斯瓦希里语说mama。菲律宾的塔加洛语说nanay。斐济语说nana。对学习者来说,汉语普通话与英语有着惊人的不同,但别怕,至少“mama”这个词是相同的。高加索车臣地区说Naana。美洲土著语言呢?爱斯基摩语说anana;在路易斯安那州和得克萨斯州使用的Koasati语也说mamma。