►by用法
By是个很常见的介词，今天我们来介绍它的几个常见用法：
1、被；由
The feast was served by his mother and sisters. 这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
The child was saved by a PLA man. 这孩子是由一位解放军战士救活的。
He was praised by the teacher. 他受到了老师的表扬。
2、表明作者，“（图书、音乐、绘画等）由……创作，出自”
a painting by Van Gogh... 一幅凡高的画
This book is written by Jack. 这本书是杰克写的。
a collection of piano pieces by Mozart （莫扎特钢琴曲集）
3、表示方式、方法、手段等，“通过；用；凭”
We'll be travelling by car. 我们将开车旅行。
They can read by touch. 他们可以通过手摸来阅读。
I send a letter by post. 我通过邮局寄信。
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan. 把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
4、在…旁边；接近
Judith was sitting in a rocking-chair by the window. 朱迪丝正坐在窗户边的一张摇椅里。
He gave me a story book when nobody was by. 当附近无人的时候他把小说给了我。
5、经过；经由
He kept walking and passed by me on his side of the street. 他一直在街对面走着，并与街这边的我交错而过。
He hurried by without a word. 他匆匆地走过去没有说一句话。
Time has gone by. 时间已过去了。
6、在…时候；到…之前；不迟于
By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel. 到8点时，他已经到达我住的宾馆了。
We all knew by then that the affair was practically over. 到那时，我们都知道事情实际上已经结束了。
We should finish our work by tonight. 今晚之前我们要结束工作。
7、（乘或除）以
230cm divided by 22cm is 10.45cm. 230厘米除以22厘米等于10.45厘米。
8、表示幅度
Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year. 暴力犯罪自去年以来增加了10%。
The shot missed her by miles. 那一枪没打中她，差了十万八千里。
9、以…计；按…计
Parcels arrived by the dozen from America. 包裹成打地从美国运来。
billing is by the minute. 以分钟计账。
►of用法
1、用于连接两个名词，其中前者表示后者的特定方面
Nine of the children came to the show. 其中的九个孩子观看了演出。
He ate a piece of cake. 他吃了片蛋糕。
We had almost reached the end of the street. 我们几乎到了街的尽头。
2、用于连接两个名字或名词与现在分词，其中后者对前者进行限定或补充
She let out a little cry of pain. 她疼得轻呼了一声。
This has been a good chance of meeting up with everyone again. 这是一个和大家再次见面的好机会。
3、用于有动词意味的名词后指名动作对象或主体
The death of their father shocked us. 他们父亲的死震惊了我们。
the Marriage of Figaro. 《费加罗的婚礼》
4、用于指示数量或组群的词和短语后表示计量的对象
My mother bought a dozen of eggs. 我妈妈买了十二个鸡蛋。
He has a collection of short stories. 他有一部短篇小说集。
5、指示所属机构或地方
Jack is the manager of this company. 杰克是这家公司的经理。
Hang Zhou is the capital of Zhe Jiang province. 杭州是浙江省的省会。
6、指示容器
A cup of coffee， please. 请给我一杯咖啡。
Marta drank a glass of juice. 玛尔塔喝了一杯果汁。
7、（表示材料或成分）由…制作而成
a mixture of apples and bananas. 苹果和香蕉的混合物。
8、接形容词后表看法
This has been so nice， so terribly kind of you. 您这么做真是太好心，太令我们感激不尽了。
That's certainly very generous of you Ton. 托尼，你真是慷慨大方。
9、指示某人或某事的特点
She didn't know the worth of her books. 她不知道她的书的价值所在。
She is a woman of enviable beauty. 她的美貌令人艳羡。
10、表示时间
He was born at the turn of the century. 他出生于世纪之交。
Of有个很大的特点便是从属关系，以此发散思维。
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