Okay! Get your notebooks ready! In this lesson, we're focusing on the present perfect tense — what it looks like, how to use it and when to use it.
好的！准备好你的笔记本！这节课我们着重讲讲现在完成时态的句子，包括它的句子结构，怎么使用和什么情况下要使用它。
Hello! I'm Emma from mmmEnglish. If you don't feel confident using the present perfect tense in English yet, there's probably a few reasons why.
大家好！我是 Emma，欢迎来到美味英语频道。如果你面对英语的“现在完成时态”句子还有些胆怯，原因估计有以下这么几个：
There's those nasty irregular verbs in past participle form. Or maybe you feel unsure about when to use the present perfect and when to use the past simple tenses.
一个是那些让人头疼的过去分词形式的不规则动词。又或者，搞不清楚什么时候该用“现在完成时”，什么时候该用“过去完成时”。
Even if you're quite good at using the present perfect tense in English, it's definitely worth reviewing this tense to jog your memory — that expression means to remind yourself. So are you ready to start?
就算你感觉自己没有我所说的这些困惑，这节课也值得你再看一遍，温故而知新嘛。那么，你准备好了吗？
Grab a notepad and a pen and let's go over this beautiful tense right now so that you can feel more confident using it. Oh and if you can think of a friend who needs to review this tense too, make sure you share this lesson with them.
拿上你的笔记本和笔，让我们现在开始聊聊“漂亮的”现在完成时态吧，当你再次遇到它就知道该怎么样应用它了。哦，还有。如果你知道你的哪位朋友也想要温习一下这个句型，请你分享给他们哦。
Click the share button just underneath this video, they'll thank you for it! First thing, the grammatical structure.
只要点击屏幕下方的“share分享”按钮就可以了，他们肯定会感谢你的！首先，我们来看现在完成时的语法结构。
What does it look like? Well, it looks like this: Subject "have" or "has" and your main verb in past participle form.
看看它长什么样？嗯，它的句型结构如下：主语 have/has 主动词（动词是过去分词形式）。
So, the Subject, you already know this. You can use a proper noun or a pronoun.
那么，主语大家都知道了。主语可以是一个专有名词或一个代词。
I, she, they. In the perfect tenses, the verb "have" is an auxiliary verb, it's a helping verb.
比如：我、她、他（她）们。在完成句里，动词“have” 是辅助动词，所谓的助动词，起辅助的作用。
It's not the main verb in the sentence and that means that it's usually unstressed and often contracted when spoken. So "she has" becomes "she's" "I have" becomes "I've" — but I'll talk more about that soon!
它不是句中的主要动词，也就是说：助动词通常发音比较轻，而且可以被缩写。比如：“she has”变成了“she's”，"I have" 变成了“I've”——我会继续讲到这些知识点。
But then comes the main verb. In the present perfect tense, the main verb is in past participle form, not in past simple form.
然后要说到“主动词”。现在完成时句子的主动词是过去分词形式，而不是过去完成形式。
Now, this is no problem for regular past tense verbs. For regular verbs, the past participle form is the same as the simple past.
当然，对于动词常规的过去时态，大家都没什么问题。常规的动词形式，动词的过去分词形式和一般过去时一样。
So you just need to add -ed. "Watch" in the present tense becomes "watched" in past simple and it's also "watched" in past participle form.
所以，只要简单地在动词后面加上“ed”。比如：一般现在时“的“watch” 是动词原形，在”一般过去时“就变成“watched”，同样，“watched”也是过去分词形式。
"Laugh" becomes "laughed" and is also "laughed". "Dance" "danced" "danced"
“Laugh”加 -ed 变成了过去时“laughed”，它的过去分词形式也是“laughed”。“Dance”是动词原形，动词的过去时是“danced”，它的过去分词形式也是“danced”。
"Call" "called" "called" And even some irregular verbs use the same verb for past simple as the past participle form.
如此类推，“call”是动词原形，“called”是动词过去时，“called”也是过去分词形式。而且甚至有些不规则动词的一般过去时和过去分词形式是相同的。
"Have" in the present tense becomes "had" in the simple past and it's also "had" as a past participle. Easy, right?
比如：“have”在一般进行时为动词原形，在一般过去时就变成了“had”，而它的过去分词形式也是“had”。很简单，对吧？
"Win" "won" "won" But these really irregular verbs are the ones that cause all of the headaches because there are three different forms that you need to remember.
再比如：“win” 变成“won”。但是还有一些不规则动词，才是真正让我们头痛不已的大麻烦，因为你要死记硬背它们的三种不同时态形式的差异。
"Go" in the present tense becomes "went" in the past simple and in the past participle form, it's "been" or "gone". Some more examples.
像这个动词（去）“go” 在一般现在时是原形，到了一般过去时就变成了“went"，而它的过去分词形式却是“been” 或“gone”。再来几个例子。
"fly" "flew" "flown" "throw" "threw" "thrown"
“Fly” (飞)的过去时是“flew”，分词形式是“flown”。“Throw”（扔）的过去时是“threw”，而分词形式是“thrown”。
"do" "did" "done" "become" "became" "become"
“Do”（做）“Become”（成为）
"Speak" "spoke" "spoken" I'm sure you can think of many more examples but with these verbs, there's no pattern, there's no rule to follow.
“Speak”（说）我知道你们还能找出更多的这类动词，更让人抓狂的是想要熟知这些不规则动词和使用方法，没有捷径可走，也没有什么规则可遵循。
You just need to memorise the past participle form — but keep an eye out for my next video next week, which will help you to practise and memorise these past participle forms of irregular verbs. In fact, if you subscribe to this channel — click the red button here — then you'll find out as soon as it's ready.
你只能死记硬背，将所有的格式都熟记于心——不过你可以留意我的下周要发布的下一个课程视频，这个课程可以帮助你练习和记忆这些不规则动词过去分词形式。事实上，如果你订阅我的课程视频，只要点击屏幕右下角的这个红色按钮你会第一时间知道课程的发布时间哦。
But to use the present perfect tense well, you may need to polish up on some useful irregular English verbs and remind yourself about their past participle form. But let's get back to the structure!
想要很好地应用“现在完成时”，你就需要温习温习英语中一些常用的不规则动词和它们的过去分词格式。现在让我们回到现在完成时的句型结构。
You have the subject, ylou have "have" or "has" and our past participle verb. "I have asked my parents to loan me some money."
有主语，有“have/has”，和主动词（动词是过去分词形式）。我问我的父母借了一点钱。
"You have been really helpful today." "They have flown to the capital to meet with the officials."
你今天真的帮了很多忙。他们飞到首都和官员们会面。
"He has saved enough money to buy a car." "She has forgotten where her hotel is."
他攒够了买一辆车的钱。她不记得她的酒店在哪儿了。
Now, in this structure often "have" and "has" are contracted to and "I've asked"
现在来看这些例句中，“have”和“has”通常被省略缩写为" 've” 和“ ‘s"。 我问”
"You've been" "They've flown"
你曾经”他们飞了”
"He's saved" "She's forgotten"
他保存了”她忘记了”
Got it? Good. So when should you use the present perfect tense?
明白了吗？很好。那么什么时候应该用现在完成时呢？
Well, when there is a connection between the present and the past. Think of it like a bridge that's connecting the present and the past.
现在完成时的句子里有一个关联，来自于现在和过去之间。你可以想象这个关联就象是一座桥，连接着现在和过去。
For example, when something started in the past and continues in the present. "They've been married for three years."
就比如说，当某行为或事件从过去发生一直延续到现在。他们结婚了三年。
You can use it to talk about an activity that you've done several times in the past and that you continue to do now. "She has read many books."
你也可以用来描述某个行为在过去的时间段里反复进行，现在还在继续进行着。她读了很多书。
And she'll probably read more. You can also use the present perfect to talk about life experience.
她应该还会继续阅读更多的书。你也可以用现在完成时句型来谈论生活经历和经验。
"He hasn't travelled overseas before." Now before I give you some more examples let's talk about when to use the past simple tense and the present perfect tense because this is often the confusing part about this tense.
他之前没有出过国。好了，我就不举更多的例子了。我们先来看看什么时候应该用”一般过去时“ 而什么时候应该用”现在完成时“，因为这两个时态是比较令人困扰的。
To answer this question, you need to think about time, finished time and unfinished time. So think about last week — that's a good example of finished time.
想要分清楚这两个时态的区别，你需要区分句中的”时间段“，已经完成的时段和尚未完成的时段。比如“上周”这个时间段，就是很好的一个例子表示这个时间段已经结束了。
Last week is finished, it's over. But what about this week?
上周是已经结束了。那么“本周”呢？
Is this week finished? No, not yet.
本周的时间段结束了吗？不，还没结束。
That's an example of unfinished time. There is still more of this week to come, it's not finished yet.
那么“本周”就是尚未完成时间段的一个很好的例子了。说话人在说“本周”的时候可能在周一或周五，一周七天的时间还没有结束，还在持续。
Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, 1991. These are all examples of finished time.
昨天、上周、上个月、去年、1991年这些时间段。这些都是已经过去了的时间段。
Time that is complete. When you're talking about a time period that has finished — like these — you need to use the past simple.
表示时间已经完全结束了。当你描述一个已经结束了的时期包含这些已经结束了的时间段，你就要用一般过去时。
But when you're talking about a time period that is unfinished, like today, this week, this year, this month, use the present perfect tense. So let's compare some examples.
但如果你是描述一个还没有完全结束的时间段，比如说“今天”、“这一周”、“今年”、“这个月”，就要用现在完成时。那么我们来对比一下下面两个例句。
"Last month, I visited my brother three times." "This month I have visited my brother twice."
上个月，我探望了我的兄弟三次”这个月，我探望了我的兄弟两次。
But the month isn't finished yet and I may visit him again. Try an example with me.
“这个月”是还没有完全结束的时间段，我还可能再次探望我的兄弟。和我一起再看个例句：
"He borrowed my car yesterday." So this sentence is in the past simple.
他昨天借了我的车。这个是一般过去时。
It's finished time. Now, try to change it to the present perfect yourself.
借车的动作已经完成了。现在，尝试将一般过去时转换为“现在完成时”。
What do you need to do? Two things.
你该怎么做呢？主要有两点。
You need to add the auxiliary verb — "he has" "has" not "have" — it changes because our subject is he.
你先要添加一个辅助动词“he has”。主语“he”是第三人称单数，要用“has”不是“have”啊。
"He has borrowed my car today" or this week. We need to change the time expression too for our sentence to work in the present perfect tense.
他今天借了我的车，“今天”也可用换为“这个星期”。由一般过去时转换为现在完成时，我们就需要转换句子中时间的表达方式。
It must be unfinished time. Okay so those were all examples of the present perfect in positive sentences.
这个时间段必须是尚未完成的。好的，这些都是现在完成时的肯定形式。
But what about negative forms? Of course, we need to add "not" to our sentence, to our structure.
那么否定形式呢？很简单，只要在否定句子里加入否定词”not“(没有/不)。
Subject plus "have" or "has" plus not and then our past participle verb. So compare these sentences.
格式是：主语 have/has not 主动词（动词是过去分词形式）对比一下这两个句子。
"Last month, I visited my brother three times." "This month, I haven't visited him at all."
上个月，我探望了我的兄弟三次。这个月，我还没探望过我的兄弟。
But the month isn't over, yet. I may still visit him.
记得，这个月并没有结束哦。所以我可能还会探望我的兄弟。
Again, see that this structure is usually contracted in spoken English. "Haven't"
重申一下：口语中，这些句子里的助动词往往会被省略前半部分，与主语缩写。还没有。
This is the most common way to contract the negative form but you may also hear people say "I've not visited him." Both ways are acceptable but you can't contract all three words together.
当然，你可能还听过别人说的另一种缩写的形式，如：“I've not”，我还没拜访过他。以上两种缩写形式都是可以的。但是不能将三个词语简缩在一起，
I'ven't. You can't do that! It's one contraction, or the other.
如：“I'ven't”。这样的缩写形式是错误的！只能是二者择其一。
Another example, "He ate so much yesterday! Notice the time word that we're using.
再看例句：他昨天吃得太多了！注意里面的时间词的使用。
So in present perfect negative, we can say "He hasn't eaten a lot today" but there is still more day so he could eat more food. One more example. "They were at school yesterday."
那么在现在完成时的否定句里，可以这样说：他今天没有吃很多。但是今天的这个时间段还没有结束哦，在“今天”结束前，他可能还会继续吃更多。再比如：他们昨天在学校。
In the present perfect, "They haven't been at school all morning." But the day's not finished yet and they may arrive in the afternoon.
用“现在完成时”来表达的话，应该是：他们从早上到现在还没来学校。“这一天” 还没有结束，他们可能会在下午到学校。
Of course, you need to ask present perfect questions too, right? As with all English question forms, our auxiliary verb needs to change position.
当然了，你还会问到“现在完成时”的疑问句格式，对吧？所有时态的英语疑问句格式都是将句中的助动词移到句子前面来。
So we have "have" and "has", our subject and our past participle verb. "Has he cleaned the bathroom?"
其格式为：Have/Has（助动词） 主语 主动词（动词是过去分词形式）。他清扫卫生间了吗？
"Have you eaten enough?" "Has it rained today?"
你吃饱了吗？今天下雨了吗？
"Have they finished yet?" Now compare these two questions.
他们结束（完成）了吗？现在来比较一下这两个疑问句。
"Did you go to Thailand last year?" This is a past simple question so the auxiliary verb "do" takes the tense it becomes "did" but now compare it to "Have you been to Thailand?"
你去年去泰国了吗？这个是一般过去时的疑问句，所以助动词“do”变成了过去式“did”，再看看这句话：你去过泰国吗？
This means at any time in the past, it's your life experience, but of course, you're still alive, so you may go in the future. The difference is the time reference.
这个问句表述的是在过去的任意一个时间段的某个生活经历。因为你还活得好好的，所以“你”可能会在将来的某个时间去泰国。两个疑问句的关键不同点就是时间的表述。
There is a lot to think about when using the present perfect tense, right? But I hope that this lesson made everything a little easier, especially the basics.
是不是感觉这个“现在完成时”还是有很多不太好掌握的地方呢？不管怎么说，我希望大家观看完这节课能更容易地使用这个时态，尤其是最基本的知识点。
If you're clear on the basics, it's a good thing. Make sure that you're subscribed to the mmmEnglish Channel because the next few lessons that I make will help you to practise using the present perfect tense.
如果你弄清楚了最基本的结构和格式，对付它就手到擒来了。记得订阅 mmmEnglish 频道哦，因为接下来我录制的几节课程能够帮助你练习和应用现在完成时句型。
You don't want to miss them! Just click that red subscribe button just there.
你应该不想错过这几节课程吧？所以，请赶快点击屏幕右下方的红色按钮“subscribe”，就在右下方。
You can watch more mmmEnglish lessons right here or you can improve your pronunciation and your English speaking skills by practising with the imitation technique right here! Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you in the next lesson.
你还可以观看更多的英语课程视频，我们的网页上还有很多英语模仿课程，通过观看视频和模仿练习可以改善你的英语发音或提高你的英语口语技巧。非常感谢大家的观看，我们下节课再见。
Bye for now!
拜拜！
Notes
1.jog sb's memory to make someone remember something 唤起（某人的）记忆
The police showed him a photo to try to jog his memory about what hadhappened on the night of the robbery. 警方给他看了一张照片，想让他记起抢劫的当晚发生了什么。
2.contract verb /kənˈtrækt/ contract verb (BECOME SMALLER)
to make or become shorter or narrower or generally smaller in size（使）缩小；缩短
In spoken English, "do not" often contracts to "don't". 在英语口语中，do not 常常缩略成 don't。
3.subscribe verb /səbˈskraɪb/
to pay money to an organization in order to receive a product, use a service regularly, or support the organization 订阅，订购（产品）
2.3 million people subscribe to this online music service. 有230万人订购了这个在线音乐服务。
