动词是英语句子的灵魂,没有谓语的句子不能称之为句子。对英语动词的考察贯穿了我们学习的始终,动词的变化可以说是所有词性中最多的。比如,动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词之分;绝大多数的动词都有六种基本形式,即:原形、不定式、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词;有16种时态;有主动语态和被动语态两种语态等等。
我们今天先学习动词的六种基本形式和时态。
动词的基本形式(以四大助动词为例)
原形 | 第三人称 | 过去式 | 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 不定式 |
do | does | did | doing | done | to do |
be | is | was/were | being | been | to be |
have | has | had | having | had | to have |
will | will | would | - | - | - |
动词的时态:
时态这个概念我们可以从两个方面来理解。一个是时,一个是态。时指的是动作发生的时间,态指的是动作当时所处于的那个状态。
我们通常所说的谓语,不是仅仅指动词,还要包括时态和语态。也就是说:真正的谓语= 动词 时态 语态。比如:I will learn English.谓语是will learn,不是learn这一个动词,要包括他的时态和语态。
完整时态名称表
一般← | 进行→ | 完成→ | 完成进行→ | |
将来 | 一般将来时 | 将来进行时 | 将来完成时 | 将来完成进行时 |
现在 | 一般现在时 | 现在进行时 | 现在完成时 | 现在完成进行时 |
过去 | 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 过去完成进行时 |
过去将来 | 过去将来时 | 过去将来时 | 过去将来完成时 | 过去将来完成进行时 |
简化公式版
一般 | 进行be | 完成 have | 完成进行 have been | |
将来 will | I will do | I will be doing | I will have done | I will be doing |
现在 | I do | I am doing | I have done | I have been doing |
过去 | I did | I was doing | I had done | I had been doing |
过去将来 would | I would do | I would be doing | I would have done | I would have been doing |
为了搞懂动词各种时态所表示的意思,我们来举个例子:
I learn English. 我学英语。 一般现在时do
I learnt English. 我学过英语。一般过去式did
I will learn English. 我将要学英语。一般将来时will do
I would learn English. 我本来要学英语的。过去将来时would do
I am learning English. 我正在学英语。现在进行时be doing
I was learning English. 我那时正在学英语。过去进行时was/were doing
I have learnt English. 我已经学了英语。现在完成时have/has done
I had learnt English(in 2012). 那时我已经学了英语。 过去完成时had done
I have been learning English. 我一直在学英语。现在完成进行have/has been doing
I had been learning English.那时我一直在学英语。过去完成进行时had been doing
I will have learnt English.那时我将已经学了英语。将来完成时 will have done
I will be learning English. 那时我将正在学英语。 将来进行时 will be doing
I would have learnt English. 那时我本来可以学了英语。
过去将来完成时would have done
I would be learning English.那时我将正在学英语。
过去将来进行时would be learning
I will have been learning English.那时我将一直在学英语。
将来完成进行时will have been doing
I would have been learning English.那时我本来将一直在学英语。
过去将来完成进行时would have been doing