三、常见考法
初级难度：根据时态标志词判断
1．一般现在时：sometimes，every year/week/day/morning，often，always，usually，seldom，now and then等。
2．一般过去时：once upon a time，yesterday，last week/month/year，just now，the other day（= a few days ago），时间段＋ago，时间段＋later, in＋过去的年份。
3．现在完成时：lately，recently，so/by far，by now，up to now，until now，in/during/over the past/last few＋时间段等。in/over recent＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，ever since等。
4．现在进行时：Look！Listen！now, at present，at this moment/time/minute，currently等。
5．过去进行时：at that moment/time/minute，then等。
6．一般将来时：tomorrow，next week/month/year，in (the coming)＋时间段，upcoming，in the future等。
7．过去完成时：by＋过去的时间，by then，by the end of＋过去的时间点，until then，before＋过去的时间点。
8．将来进行时：at this time/moment tomorrow等。
注意：一般过去时和完成时的标志词必须记牢
中级难度：根据前后文相关的时态语态判断
1．瞻前顾后找平行：并列连词连接的平行结构，连接对等的词或对等的结构，可以作为时态判断的依据。常见如下：and，but，or，both...and...，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also)．..等。尤其关注一个主语，两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要保持一致。
2．语境提示定时态：如果没有时间标志词或者具体的时间状语，就要联系上下文、前后句中的时态，看看动作是否同时发生或者先后发生，确定填空处的时态。
3．主句从句相对应：宾语从句中，主句如果用一般过去时，从句也应该用过去的时态；但陈述客观事实或真理时，从句用一般现在时。时间、条件状语从句中，主将从现，即主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
高级难度：特殊结构或者被动或者主谓一致等
1. 固定句式类
（1）It/This/That is the first/second/...time that sb./sth.have/has done sth.这/那是某人/某物第一/二/……次做某事。
（2）It/This/That was the first/second/...time that sb./sth.had done sth.这/那是某人/某物第一/二/……次做某事。
（3）hardly/scarcely/rarely...had done...when sb./sth.did...和no sooner had done...than sb./sth.did表示“一……就……”。
（4）It is (high) time that sb./sth.did/should do...
到了某人/某物该做……的时候了。
（5）...was/were doing...when sb./sth.did某人/某物正在做……这时突然……
（6）祈使句＋and＋陈述句，陈述句为一般将来时。
2. 被动语态类
（1）步骤：①确定主语；②判断主语和动词的关系：如果主语是动作的发出者，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。
（2）注意：不及物动词(词组)没有被动语态。如：breathe，happen，exist，remain，rise，taste，survive，belong to，break out，break down，come up，come true，take place等。
3. 主谓一致类
（1）核心定义：主谓一致即语法形式的一致，数的一致。
①主语为单数可数名词或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。
②主语为单个不定式(短语)，动名词(短语)或主语从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。
③主语为复数名词或两个或以上不定式(短语)，动名词(短语)或主语从句时，谓语动词用复数形式。
④a large quantity of＋名词，谓语动词用单数；quantities of＋名词，谓语动词用复数。
⑤如果定语从句缺少主语，谓语动词与先行词，即从句所修饰的名词或代词保持数的一致。
（2）就近原则
①either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also)．..，not...but...等并列连词连接主语时。
②there be 句型中，谓语动词与最近的主语保持数的一致。
（3）就远原则：名词＋介词短语＋名词，谓语动词与离的远的第一个名词，即句子的主语保持数的一致。
介词短语包括：with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/in addition to/including等。
四、经典练习
较易试题：
1. The unmanned Chang’e4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— ______(touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 touched
解析 考查时态。句子主语是The unmanned Chang’e4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
2．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，______(form) the core collection of the British Museum that opened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 formed
解析 考查动词的时态。根据上文内容以及时间状语in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。
3. By about 6000 BC，people ______(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
(2020·浙江)
答案 had discovered
解析 考查时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC(到大约公元前6000年为止)可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或发生的动作。故填had discovered。
4. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ______(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements...(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 have reported
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语In recent years可知，主句用现在完成时态，主语为some Inuit people，故填have reported。
5．Irene said，“I don’t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ______(make) over the years...”(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 have made
解析 考查动词的时态。根据定语从句中的时间状语over the years可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填have made。
6. Since 2011，the country ______(grow) more corn than rice.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
答案 has grown
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。由时间状语Since 2011可知，此处用现在完成时，主语the country是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用has grown。
7．China’s highspeed railways ______(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.(2018·北京)
答案 have grown
解析 时间状语in the past few years与现在完成时连用，由此可知应该用have grown。
中等试题
1．...they smiled and ______(point) down the river.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 pointed
解析 考查动词的时态。and连接两个并列谓语动词，前后时态应一致。故填pointed。
2．“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it ______(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 means
解析 考查时态。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
3．Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene ______(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.Irene said...(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 declared
解析 考查动词的时态。该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文的had以及said可知，用一般过去时态，故填declared。
4．Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ______(recommend) wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 recommended
解析 考查时态。and连接两个谓语并列的动词，空格处与shared并列，时态要一致。故填recommended。
5. When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody ______(have) to worry about fashion(时尚)．(2019·浙江)
答案 has/will have
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为：当每个在校学生都穿校服时，没有人会担心时尚问题。此处用一般现在时描述一般情况；分析句子结构可知，主语是nobody，所以谓语动词用has。或理解为when引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时，故还可填will have。
6．One study in America found that students’ grades ______(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.(2019·浙江)
答案 improved
解析 考查时态。分析句子结构可知，此处that引导宾语从句，而从句中缺少谓语动词，同时根据主句谓语动词found和时间状语从句中的introduced可知，此处也应用一般过去时，故填improved。
7. On the first day of my first grade，I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I ______ (voice) my biggest concern to my mother...(2019·北京)
答案 voiced
解析 考查时态。此处的voice意为“表达”，是动词，作谓语，根据上文可知，这里叙述的是过去的事情，用一般过去时。故填voiced。
8. A few months after he had arrived in China，Mr Smith ______(fall) in love with the people and culture there.(2019·江苏)
答案 fell
解析 考查时态。句意为：史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就爱上了那里的人们和文化。这里描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
9．I ______(hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn’t manage it.(2019·天津)
答案 had hoped
解析 考查时态。句意为：我本来想给彼得送个礼物来祝贺他结婚，但我没能做到。由couldn’t manage用的是一般过去时可知，空格处表示过去本希望做其事但却没做成，用过去完成时。故填had hoped。
10．When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature，the huge animal ______(mean) me no real harm.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 meant
解析 考查动词的时态。由语境可知，此处事情发生在过去，要用一般过去时态。
11．—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks.It’s because I ______(practise)a lot these days.(2020·天津，有一定难度)
答案 have been practising
解析 考查时态。句意为：——你游泳游得很好。——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。根据句中的时间状语these days可知，practise这一动作从过去一直持续到现在，并且有可能持续下去，故用现在完成进行时。
较难试题
固定结构
1．In any unsafe situation，simply ______(press) the button and a highlytrained agent will get you the help you need.(2018·北京)
答案 press
解析 句意为：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按一下按钮，训练有素的工作人员就会给予你所需要的帮助。根据空后的and可知应该填press。这是一个固定句式，其构成是“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”。
2．Susan had quit her wellpaid job and ______(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.(2018·北京)
答案 was working
解析 句意为：去年我去看望苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了高薪工作，正在社区做志愿工作。when引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，表明主句也是过去的某种时态。此处表示去年“我”去看她时她正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
3．I ______(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
(2017·天津)
答案 was driving
解析 考查时态。句意为：我正开车(was driving)去伦敦，这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing...when...是固定句式，表示“正在做……这时突然……”。
被动语态
1．“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ______ (construct)．”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 is constructed
解析 考查时态和语态。整句话的时态为一般现在时，且the moon与construct(组成，构成)之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2．One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest work，so that he could choose the best.The artist was sure he would ______ (choose)，but when...(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 be chosen
解析 考查动词的语态。主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
3. The parts of a museum open to the public ______(call) galleries or rooms.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 are called
解析 考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语，主语the parts与动词call之间为被动关系，且此处说明客观事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
4．And，as more children were born，more food ______(need)．(2020·浙江)
答案 was needed
解析 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的were born可知，此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。因此填was needed。
5. On the last day of our weeklong stay，we ______(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars...(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 were invited
解析 考查时态和语态。由On the last day of our weeklong stay可知，句子时态为一般过去时。we和invite之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were invited。
6．They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ______(install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.(2019·江苏)
答案 will have been installed
解析 考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故填 will have been installed。
7．A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______(trap) in the mountains for two days. (2018·北京)
答案 had been trapped
解析 句意为：一位救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。故填had been trapped。根据risked可知，主句用了一般过去时，表示冒险救人的动作发生在过去，被困在山里这一动作发生在这之前，属于过去的过去，即用过去完成时；主语two tourists和trap之间是被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
8. My washing machine ______(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
(2018·天津)
答案 is being repaired
解析 句意为：我的洗衣机本周正在被修理，因此我只好用手洗我的衣服。my washing machine与repair之间是被动关系，需用被动语态；再根据后面的“我只好用手洗衣服”可知，洗衣机正在被修理，需用现在进行时的被动语态。
9．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______(carry) out in the past two years.(2018·江苏)
答案 had been carried
解析 句意为：上个月我被派到那个村子，去看了看在过去的两年里这个发展计划实施得怎么样了。根据in the past two years可知，应用完成时，carry out发生在was sent to之前，应用过去完成时；the development plan与carry之间是被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态，故填 had been carried。
10．I still remember visiting a friend who’d lived here for five years and I ______(shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.(2018·浙江)
答案 was shocked
解析 考查时态和语态。根据后面的learnt可知，此处说的是过去的事，故用一般过去时；而I与shock之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
主谓一致
1. This is why decorating with plants，fruits and flowers ______(carry) special significance.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
答案 carries
解析 考查时态及主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，所以用一般现在时；从句主语是动名词短语decorating with...，所以从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。此题不要被flowers干扰，要找对从句的真正主语。
2．Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six ______(be) stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 are
解析 考查时态和主谓一致。本句其他谓语用了一般现在时，本句的主语six指代six polar bear subpopulations，表示复数意义，故本空应填谓语动词are。
3. The musician along with his band members ______(give) ten performances in the last three months.(2019·江苏)
答案 has given
解析 考查动词的时态与主谓一致。句意为：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由in the last three months可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时；along with连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词在人称和数上保持一致，故填has given。
4．Amy，as well as her brothers，______(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019·天津)
答案 was given
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意为：上周埃米和她的兄弟们回到村庄时受到了热烈的欢迎。根据时间状语last week可知，应用一般过去时；as well as连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语一致，即与Amy一致，故此处应用第三人称单数形式；Amy与give之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
5．While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it ______(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming. (2018·全国Ⅰ)
答案 is
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，这里用一般现在时，主语it是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词用is。
6. Fast food ______(be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
答案 is
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语Fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填be的第三人称单数形式is。
7．What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we ______(have) a good time together.
(2019·江苏)
答案 would have had
解析 考查虚拟语气。句意为：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则我们会在一起玩得很开心。根据关键词or可知，这里表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词应用would have done。
8．The workers were not better organized，otherwise they ______(accomplish) the task in half the time.(2019·天津)
答案 would have accomplished
解析 考查虚拟语气。句意为：工人们没有被组织好，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。此处otherwise表达了一种含蓄虚拟；otherwise前的内容所述的是过去的事实，相当于if引导的条件状语从句“If the workers had been better organized”，因此后半部分应用“主语＋would have done sth.”结构。
