一、语音学
1、定义：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic（有声的）medium of language；
It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.
语音学一般定义为对语言声音媒介的研究，
它的主要研究对象是世界上所有语言中出现过的一切声音。
2.语音学的分类。
(1).Articulatory /ɑr'tɪkjulətɔri/ phonetics(发音语音学)
It studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.
说话者怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来；
(2).Acoustic /ə'kuːstɪk/ phonetics （声学语音学）
It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
声音通过空气从一个人传递给另一个人的物质手段
(3).Auditory /'ɔːdɪt(ə)rɪ/ phonetics （听觉语音学）
It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
采用什么样的方式被听话者所接收的。
1. 发音器官图：
The pharyngeal [fə'rɪn(d)ʒɪəl] cavity（咽腔） — the throat （咽喉）
The oral cavity（口腔） — the mouth
The nasal ['neɪz(ə)l] cavity （鼻腔）— the nose
二、音标——宽式和严式标音法
音标——宽式和严式标音法of speech sounds – broad and narrow transcriptions
There are two ways to transcribe（转录、抄写） speech sounds：
One is the transcription with letter symbols only, called broad transcription.
一套仅用字母符号来标音的方法——宽式标音法
Orthographic representation of speech sounds – broad and narrow transcriptions 语音的正字标音法——宽示标音法和严示标音法.
The other is the transcription with letter symbols together with the diacritics /,daɪə'krɪtɪk/（变音符号）, called narrow transcription.
另一套则是字母符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法——严式标音法。
三、英语语音的分类(Classification of English Speech Sounds)
1.Consonants ['kɒns(ə)nənt] 辅音
(1).Classification of English consonants
按发音方法分
Stops爆破音: [p] [b]， [t] [d] ，[k] [g]
Fricative 擦音：[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]
Affricate 塞擦音：[ tʃ ] [dʒ]
Liquid流音：[l] [r]
Nasal鼻音：[m] [n] [ŋ]
Glide滑音：[w] [j]
(2).In terms of place of artIculation
按发音位置分
Bilabial [baɪ'leɪbɪəl] 双唇音：[p] [b] [m] [w]
Labiodental [,leɪbɪəʊ'dent(ə)l] 唇齿音：[f] [v]
Dental/['dent(ə)l] 齿音：[θ]/ [ð]
Alveolar/[æl'vɪələ] 齿龈音：[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r]
Palatal/['pælət(ə)l] 硬腭音：[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j]
Velar/['vilə] 软腭音：[k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal/['glɒt(ə)l] 喉音：[h]
2.Vowels ['vaʊəl] 元音
(1)按舌头在口中的位置分：
Front vowel前元音：[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a]
Central vowel中元音：[ə:] [ə] [ʌ]
Back vowel后元音：[u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [a:]
按口形的大小分：
Close vowel闭元音：[i:] [i] [u:] [u]
Semi-close vowel半闭元音： [e] [ə:]
Open vowel开元音： [ə] [ɔ:]
Semi-open vowel半开元音： [æ] [a] [ʌ] [ɔ] [a:]
(2).按唇形是否为圆分
Unrounded vowel不圆唇元音：
[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [a:]
rounded vowel圆唇元音： [u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ]
按语音的长短分
Long vowel长元音 [i:] [ə:][a:] [u:] [ɔ:]
Short vowel短元音 [i] [e] [æ] [a] [ɔ] [ə] [u] [ʌ]
四、几条音系规则(Some Rules in Phonology)
1.sequential [sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l] rules
系列规则:在一种特定的语言中，语音的组合是受规则制约的，这些规则叫做序列规则。
The rules that govern ['gʌv(ə)n]（制约） the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.
blik ibki
Bkil klib
Ilkb bilk
Ilbk kilb
2.Assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] rules
同化规则:同化规则即通过"模仿"一个系列音位的一个特征使一个音位与另一个音位相似，从而使两个音素变得相似。
The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying"a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
[g]
sign signature
design designation
paradigm paradigmatic
3.deletion rules
省略规则:省略规则告诉我们什么时候一个语音尽管在拼写中存在，但在发音中却省略了。
The rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically（书写特征） represented.
4.Suprasegmental [,sju:prəse'mentəl] features
超切分特征: Stress, tone, intonation( 重音、声调和语调)
The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.
发生在切分层面之上的音系特征称为超音段特征。 ★
The noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.
(1).Stress 重音
重要的规则：
一个单词如果既可以作名词，又可以作动词，则名词重音在第一个音节上，相应的动词重音则在第二个音节上。如import。
(2).Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration/vaɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n/ of the vocal cords.
It can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. English is not a tone language, but Chinese is a typical tone language.
(3).Intonation
When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation.
当音高、压力和音长与句子而不是孤立的单词联系在一起时，它们被统称为语调。★
发音器官图 (Organs of Speech)
The pharyngeal [fə'rɪn(d)ʒɪəl] cavity（咽腔） — the throat （咽喉）
The oral cavity（口腔） — the mouth
The nasal ['neɪz(ə)l] cavity （鼻腔）— the nose
