我们在朗读英语或用英语交谈时,人们把有些词读得或说得又轻又快,而且较为含糊,而有些词又重又慢,而且较为清晰。那些响亮而清晰的得以强调的词就是语句重音所在。
(一)一般规则
在英语句子中,实词重读,虚词弱读。这条规则成为区别哪些词在句中要重读,哪些要轻读的重要依据。
1.实词重读
“实词”指的是在句中承载重要信息不可缺少的重要词汇,如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词、代词(指示代词、名词性物主代词、表强调的反身代词、不定代词等)、疑问词、叹词(hey, oh等)、数词以及否定词(no, not等)、双音节或三音节介词(between, including, concerning)等。
2.虚词弱读
“虚词”则是那些在句子中几乎没有意义但是承担着连接“实词”的纽带作用的词,又称为功能词,如冠词、代词(人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、表彼此关系的代词)、连词、单音节介词、助动词(be, do, have)及情态动词等。
(二)特殊规则
“实词重读,虚词弱读”是我们学习英语的一般语句重音规则,但由于节奏、强调、重复、对比等原因,实词也可以失去重音,而虚词可变成重读的词。
1.实词弱读现象
(1)当实词在较短的语境中重复出现时不重读,如:
No′news is good news.
How many′times have you been there? __Four times.
(2)当有些名词用来重复前面已提到过的人或物时不重读,如man, place, fellow, person, thing, matter, affair, business等,这类词前面总会有形容词来修饰,如:
My husband is a good man.
Dalian is a beautiful place for a summer holiday.
(3)当so和such指代刚说过的事物时不重读,如:
What a delicious apple!
I like such apples.
Will he come tomorrow?
I think so.
(4)当指示代词this, that, these, those指代意义不强,仅相当于it或the的作用时不重读,如:
I can easily do this.
We arrived at the city this morning.
(5)当名词street出现在街道名称中时不重读,如:
Oxford street
Wangfujing street
(6)引导感叹句的感叹词what, how等不重读,如:
What a fine day?
(7)在一些有固定意义的名词短语中,尤其以名词修饰名词为主,通常处于被修饰的第二个名词不重读(这些名词短语可被当成复合短语来对待),如:
That is our′classroom building.
I met her at the′railway station.
(8)受句子节奏影响,一些有双重音的实词在前面的重读音节后失去第一个重音,在紧随其后的重读音节前失去第二个重音。而含双重音的复合形容词做表语时重读第二个词,做定语时重读第一个词,如:
John can′speak Chi′nese.
The′Chinese′people are hard working people.
2.虚词重读现象
(1)助动词、情态动词以及be动词出现在一般疑问句句首时,或在句末作为简略回答以及和not连写成否定缩略词时需要重读,如:
Do you go to school every day? Yes, I′do.
He can’t accept the truth.
(2)当情态动词may,must,have to, ought to等表达如确信、期望等强烈的感情色彩时需重读,如:
He′must be in the room.
You′ought to have been here half an hour ago.
(3)介词位于句首,弱读音节紧随其后时或介词位于系动词之后时需重读,如:
On the table is a pile of his books.
The pen is′in the pencil-box.
(4)当从属连词出现在句首并且紧随其后的单词不接受重读时,该从属连词要重读,如:
When he comes, I’ll tell him what has happened.
If you wish, I’ll help you.
在句子重音的实际应用中,说话人还可以根据自己的意愿不遵循任何规则的去强调句中任何一个有特殊意义的词,这种又被称为逻辑重音,而这种情况往往暗含着对比之意,如:
I bought it for′you, not for′him.
We heard Mary talking′upstairs.(不是楼下)
I saw your mother at school yesterday.(不是别人)
可见,一个句子中的任何一个实词都可能不重读,任何一个虚词也可能重读,要根据各个词在句中的相对重要性以及说话人强调的重点来决定。
2023.03.28